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Government strategy

Fome Zero (Zero Hunger)

Also known as Fome Zero Project (Instituto Cidadania, 2001).

Problem
Hunger and food insecurity.
Who it serves
According to an FAO text, the goal was for all Brazilians to have three meals a day by the end of the four-year term.
How it works
According to Ipea and publications of the MDS and FAO, an interministerial coordination of more than 30 complementary programs, organized into four axes, among them PAA, PNAE, Restaurantes Populares and cisterns.

Fight against hungerIncome and social protectionFamily farmingSocial participation and public administration

Relation to the Lula governments

Created under Lula · First term (2003 to 2006) · since January 2003

Official publications record the launch of Fome Zero in January 2003: in the Frei Betto chapter in the MDS publication (2010), the program had its official launch on January 30, 2003; in the FAO Regional Office chapter reproduced in the MDA book (2010), the launch of the Fome Zero Program by the Federal Government took place in January 2003. In the same MDA book, another chapter associates the date of January 30, 2003 with the increase in the amount transferred for preschool school meals, which it describes as the first action of the Fome Zero Program announced by the government.[1]

MP No. 103/2003 created the National Council for Food and Nutrition Security (CONSEA) and gave it the authority to advise the President of the Republic in formulating policies for the government to guarantee the human right to food; Law No. 10,683/2003, the conversion of MP 103, kept the creation.[2]

Reshaped under Lula · First term (2003 to 2006) · since 2004

Official publications say that, in 2004, governmental coordination of and responsibility for Fome Zero passed to the MDS, after the Mesa was abolished, and that a Fome Zero Working Group was created, linked to the Casa Civil (Chief of Staff's Office) and coordinated by the MDS, with the participation of ministries and CONSEA.[3]

Law No. 10,869 of May 13, 2004, the conversion of MPv No. 163 of 2004, transformed the Ministry of Social Assistance into the Ministry of Social Development and Fight against Hunger, abolished the Office of the Extraordinary Minister of State for Food Security and the Fight against Hunger, and transferred to the Ministry of Social Development and Fight against Hunger that Office's responsibilities for formulating and coordinating the implementation of the National Food and Nutrition Security Policy.[4]

Continued under Lula · Second term (2007 to 2010)

In the preface to the MDS publication, signed by Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva on December 20, 2010, Fome Zero is described as a strategy with four axes (access to food; strengthening of family farming; income generation; coordination, mobilization and social control), of which Bolsa Família is the best-known action, and which includes Pronaf, PAA, PNAE, Restaurantes Populares, community kitchens, cisterns and the foundations of the LOSAN.[5]

Origin and precursors

Origin milestone: official launch (no legal act under its own name), First term (2003 to 2006).

Official publications record the launch of Fome Zero in January 2003: in the Frei Betto chapter in the MDS publication (2010), the program had its official launch on January 30, 2003; in the FAO Regional Office chapter reproduced in the MDA book (2010), the launch of the Fome Zero Program by the Federal Government took place in January 2003. In the same MDA book, another chapter associates the date of January 30, 2003 with the increase in the amount transferred for preschool school meals, which it describes as the first action of the Fome Zero Program announced by the government.[1]

Precursors

  • Fome Zero Project, proposal of the Instituto Cidadania (2001) earlier technical basis The MDA publication reproduces a text signed by Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, dated 'Instituto Cidadania, outubro de 2001', in which he submits to public debate, on behalf of the Instituto Cidadania, the 'Projeto Fome Zero: Uma Proposta de Política de Segurança Alimentar para o Brasil'. A note in the publication says that the original version was launched by the Instituto Cidadania in October 2001.[6]

Precursor investigation: new structure established (October 13, 2026).

Scope: Summaries of laws, decrees, and MPs from 2002 to 2011 and 2023 to 2024 (Senate API), search of the Chamber's legislation, full text of 11 structure norms at the Planalto; LexML and DOU without usable results (see searches). No governmental antecedent with the same object located; the 2001 proposal is pre-governmental.

Responsibilities

  • Extraordinary Ministry of Food Security and Fight against Hunger (MESA) federal management

    MP No. 103/2003 created the National Council for Food and Nutrition Security (CONSEA) and gave it the authority to advise the President of the Republic in formulating policies for the government to guarantee the human right to food; Law No. 10,683/2003, the conversion of MP 103, kept the creation.[2]

  • National Council for Food and Nutrition Security (CONSEA) social participation

    Decree No. 4,582 of January 30, 2003 regulated the operation of CONSEA, defined as a body of immediate advice to the President of the Republic with the objective of proposing the general guidelines of the National Food and Nutrition Security Policy.[7]

  • Ministry of Social Development and Fight against Hunger (MDS), from 2004 federal management

    Official publications say that, in 2004, governmental coordination of and responsibility for Fome Zero passed to the MDS, after the Mesa was abolished, and that a Fome Zero Working Group was created, linked to the Casa Civil (Chief of Staff's Office) and coordinated by the MDS, with the participation of ministries and CONSEA.[3]

  • National Congress (conversion of MPs and LOSAN) legislative approval

    Law No. 11,346 of September 15, 2006 (LOSAN) creates the National Food and Nutrition Security System (SISAN). In the original wording, art. 11, II, included among the members of SISAN the CONSEA, a body of immediate advice to the President of the Republic; in the compiled text on the Planalto site that item carries the mark of revocation by Provisional Measure No. 870 of 2019, and shortly afterward is reproduced with the same wording, without that mark. According to the MDS publication, the diagnosis of the legal-institutional situation of the programs that make up Fome Zero, carried out by the Working Group, ended up contributing to the drafting of the LOSAN.[8]

Timeline

Timeline of Fome Zero (Zero Hunger)
DatePhaseWhat happened
October 2001AnnouncementProposal of the Instituto Cidadania (pre-government).[9]
January 1, 2003AnnouncementFight against hunger announced as a priority in the inauguration speech.[10]
January 2003LaunchPublic launch within the government, according to official publications.[1]
2004ImplementationCoordination passes to the MDS.[3]
September 15, 2006Legal actLOSAN creates the SISAN (without citing the name Fome Zero).[8]

What was established

Law No. 10,689 of June 13, 2003 created the National Program for Access to Food (PNAA), linked to actions aimed at combating hunger and promoting food and nutrition security. An Ipea Discussion Paper records that the program came to be known as Cartão Alimentação (Food Card).[11]

Law No. 10,696 of July 2, 2003 (art. 19, original wording) established the Food Acquisition Program (PAA). A FAO document reproduced by the MDA lists the PAA among the largest Fome Zero programs.[12]

Decree No. 7,272 of August 25, 2010 established the National Food and Nutrition Security Policy (PNSAN), with the general objective of promoting food and nutrition security, pursuant to art. 3 of Law No. 11,346 of September 15, 2006.[13]

How it works

An Ipea Discussion Paper (2014) says that the Fome Zero Program was launched in the very first days of the government, as an initiative of interministerial coordination of short-, medium- and long-term actions aimed at food security and the fight against poverty, and that its institutional design resulted in MP No. 103 of January 1, 2003.[14]

A FAO working document presented in a videoconference on August 14, 2006, prepared by a FAO team and published in the MDA book as a chapter of the FAO Regional Office for Latin America and the Caribbean, says that Fome Zero is an evolving concept: in 2003 it was described as a program created to combat hunger and its structural causes; in 2005 (citing MDS, 2005) it was described as "a strategy of the Federal Government to ensure the human right to adequate food". The English edition of the book carries the same definition.[15]

Decree No. 4,669 of April 9, 2003, signed by Lula, Antonio Palocci Filho and José Graziano da Silva, reduced to zero the IPI rates applicable to products donated to the Office of the Extraordinary Minister of State for Food Security and the Fight against Hunger and for use in the Fome Zero Program, subject to the rules and conditions established in a joint act of that Office and the Ministry of Finance. Its revocation was declared by Decree No. 10,473 of August 24, 2020.[16]

According to a FAO text reproduced in an MDA book, FZ consists of a set of more than 30 complementary programs; among the largest programs, in terms of investment, number of beneficiaries and visibility, is Bolsa Família. The same text says that the MDS is directly responsible for Bolsa Família, as well as other social protection programs, which are not part of FZ.[17]

The MDS publication says that the Fome Zero actions fall under four coordinating axes (Expanding Access to Food; Strengthening Family Farming; Promoting Processes of Productive Inclusion; Coordination, Mobilization and Social Control) and that this design has only an organizational effect.[18]

Governance

Two chapters of the MDA book say that CONSEA was installed on January 30, 2003; one of them says that the council was recreated in the first act issued after Lula took office.[19]

According to Frei Betto, in the MDS publication, the Social Mobilization of Fome Zero, coordinated by Oded Grajew and himself, proposed the structures COPO, PRATO, SAL and TALHER; he states that very little of this design was used, for lack of alignment between the Mesa and the Social Mobilization Office, and that only TALHER took hold, as a Popular Education Network.[20]

The original text of Decree No. 4,582/2003 provided that CONSEA would be composed of thirty-eight councilors, appointed by the President of the Republic, who will represent civil society, and by authorities listed in thirteen items (Ministers of State and the Special Secretary for Policies for Women, of the Presidency of the Republic); a fourteenth item, the Special Secretary for Policies for the Promotion of Racial Equality, was added by Decree No. 4,848 of September 29, 2003.[21]

Decree No. 5,079 of May 12, 2004 revoked Decree No. 4,582 of January 30, 2003, and provided that CONSEA would be composed of forty-two councilors, appointed by the President of the Republic, who will represent civil society, and by the Ministers of State, Special Secretaries and Chief Adviser of the Special Advisory Office listed in items I to XVII of art. 3. Decree No. 5,303 of 2004 gave new wording to the caput, including alternates, and kept the forty-two councilors.[22]

The MDA book (2010) attributes to the council installed on January 30, 2003 a composition of 59 councilors (17 ministers of state and 42 representatives of civil society). The number of civil society representatives matches that of Decree No. 5,079 of May 12, 2004 (forty-two councilors, with authorities in items I to XVII of art. 3), and not that of Decree No. 4,582 of January 30, 2003 (thirty-eight councilors, with authorities in items I to XIII and item XIV added by Decree No. 4,848 of September 29, 2003).[23]

The count of 62 members in the MDA book for the Consea installed on January 30, 2003 (13 ministers, 38 civil society representatives and 11 observers) matches the original text of Decree No. 4,582 of January 30, 2003, in the thirty-eight civil society councilors and in the number of authorities in items I to XIII of art. 3, although item XIII is the Special Secretary for Policies for Women, of the Presidency of the Republic. As for the observers, the compiled text of the decree lists ten bodies and entities as permanent guests, in the capacity of observers (items I to X of § 5), a number different from the book's 11.[24]

A note in the MDA book (2010) says that, in the following term, begun in 2007, after the III National Conference on Food and Nutrition Security, the council had 57 councilors, of whom 38 were from civil society and 19 were ministers of state. The number matches that of Decree No. 6,272 of November 23, 2007 (fifty-seven members, two thirds representatives of civil society and one third government representatives).[25]

Decree No. 11,421 of February 28, 2023, issued in view of Law No. 11,346/2006, amended Decree No. 6,272/2007 and set that CONSEA will be composed of sixty members, of whom two thirds are representatives of civil society and one third are government representatives, pursuant to art. 11 of Law No. 11,346/2006.[26]

Changes

Provisional Measure No. 132 of October 20, 2003, converted into Law No. 10,836 of January 9, 2004, created the Bolsa Família Program, whose purpose is to unify the procedures for managing and carrying out the Federal Government's income transfer actions, especially those of Bolsa Escola and the National Program for Access to Food (PNAA).[27]

Ipea (2014) assesses that the Cartão Alimentação (Food Card) went against the grain of the debate on unifying income transfers and that the government changed its strategy in October 2003 with the launch of Bolsa Família, which consolidated itself as the government's main action against hunger and destitution, encompassing Bolsa Escola, Auxílio Gás and Cartão Alimentação.[28]

Art. 85, III, of Provisional Measure No. 870 of January 1, 2019 revoked item II of the caput (the CONSEA) and §§ 2, 3 and 4 of art. 11 of Law No. 11,346 of September 15, 2006.[29]

Law No. 14,600 of June 19, 2023, the conversion of Provisional Measure No. 1,154 of 2023, includes the National Council for Food and Nutrition Security among the bodies advising the President of the Republic that make up the Presidency (art. 2, § 1, V) and assigns it to advise the President of the Republic in formulating policies and defining guidelines to guarantee the human right to food (art. 13).[30]

Budget and spending

Figures are nominal unless stated otherwise. Announced, authorized, committed, liquidated and paid amounts are different things and appear with the type indicated. In SIOP lines, "paid" means paid within the same fiscal year (arrears settled later are not counted), and one budget action can fund more than one program: the text says when the action is only part of a program.

According to a FAO text reproduced by the MDA, total federal government investments through the budgets of the Mesa/MDS and of other ministries increased from R$4.9 billion in 2003 to R$11.6 billion in 2006 in current values.[31]

Observed results

A result observed during a term may have causes other than the program.

In an Ipea Discussion Paper (TD 1953, 2014), Sandro Pereira Silva concludes that the engineering proposed and established by the Fome Zero Program provided the main reference for the institutionalization of food and nutrition security on the public policy agenda, but cautions that it was a strategy entirely dependent on context, and was able to secure that institutionalization only through a series of earlier measures and actions.[32]

Limitations

According to a FAO text reproduced in an MDA book, setting an ambitious goal, seeking to have all Brazilians eat three meals a day by the end of his four-year term, was essential to ensure political priority, but this created expectations that the problem of food insecurity could be solved overnight; the difficulties became even more complex because of the absence of a legal framework and of procedures to implement the actions; and the great deal that was accomplished in such a short time was considered insufficient, in relation to the population's expectations and the resulting complaints and criticism from the media.[33]

In a chapter of the official MDS publication (2010), which notes that the opinions are the authors' own, Frei Betto, who in 2003 and 2004 was special adviser to President Lula for the Social Mobilization of the Fome Zero Program, states that not even the Fome Zero Management Committees survived their first year of life, in 2003; that, when Lula signed Law No. 10,836, 'The death of Fome Zero had been decreed', because 'An emancipatory program, Fome Zero, was replaced by a compensatory one, Bolsa Família'; and he considers Bolsa Família positive, although limited compared with the Fome Zero proposal.[34]

An article by Carla Guerra Tomazini and Cristiane Kerches da Silva Leite (Revista de Sociologia e Política, 2016) examines the progressive abandonment of the Fome Zero Program as the federal government's main strategic line between 2003 and 2004 and raises as hypotheses for the crisis: prior institutional arrangements, a clash between paradigms, loss of influence of the 'food security' coalition, and programmatic complexity.[35]

Context

A news item on the Workers' Party (PT) website says that the Brasil Sem Fome Plan was inspired by Fome Zero and Brasil Sem Miséria, from the previous PT governments. It is a party position, not an official source.[36]

Speech content

In a speech at the FAO High-Level Conference, in Rome, on June 3, 2008, Lula declared that he had launched Fome Zero in 2003 and credited it with millions of Brazilians coming to eat three meals a day. It is a statement, not a measurement of results.[37]

Methodology

The chapter 'Fome Zero: lições principais' of the MDA book is identified as a FAO working document presented in a videoconference on August 14, 2006. The English edition has a cover with 'Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)', but the title page and the copyright indicate Ministry of Agrarian Development, Brasília, 2011, NEAD Special Series 13.[38]

Origin

In the chapter 'Fome Zero: Ganhos e Perdas' by Frei Betto, in the MDS publication Fome Zero: Uma História Brasileira, the author states that only in August 2002 did the food security program come to be known by the Fome Zero brand, and that it was prepared at the Instituto Cidadania by a team coordinated by José Graziano da Silva, the first to head the Ministry of Food Security and the Fight against Hunger.[39]

Related indicators

A change in an indicator during a term does not, by itself, prove an effect of the program.

Sources and evidence

Excerpts are quoted in the original language of the source.

  1. 1. Official publications record the launch of Fome Zero in January 2003: in the Frei Betto chapter in the MDS publication (2010), the program had its official launch on January 30, 2003; in the FAO Regional Office chapter reproduced in the MDA book (2010), the launch of the Fome Zero Program by the Federal Government took place in January 2003. In the same MDA book, another chapter associates the date of January 30, 2003 with the increase in the amount transferred for preschool school meals, which it describes as the first action of the Fome Zero Program announced by the government.

    • Fome Zero: Uma História Brasileira, v. 1 (org. Adriana Veiga Aranha) · Ministry of Social Development and Fight against Hunger (MDS), Fome Zero Advisory Office Government communication
      Where: PDF p. 134 (Frei Betto chapter). Accessed October 13, 2026.
      “Antes de seu lançamento oficial, a 30 de janeiro de 2003, o programa recebeu muitas críticas, algumas pertinentes, feitas por quem entende de segurança alimentar e”
    • Fome Zero: a experiência brasileira (Série NEAD Especial 12) · Ministry of Agrarian Development (MDA) / NEAD Government communication
      Where: PDF p. 142 (ch. 6, 'Fome Zero: lições principais', FAO Regional Office). Accessed October 13, 2026.
      “O lançamento do Programa Fome Zero (FZ) pelo Governo Federal, em janeiro de 2003, despertou a consciência popular brasileira para o paradoxo da existência de milhões de famílias vivendo sem o suficiente para comer em um país de abundância de alimentos”
    • Fome Zero: a experiência brasileira (Série NEAD Especial 12) · Ministry of Agrarian Development (MDA) / NEAD Government communication
      Where: PDF p. 74 (ch. 3, Maya Takagi), paragraph on the Pnae. Accessed October 14, 2026.
      “foi ampliado o valor repassado para a alimentação escolar da pré-escola. Esta foi a primeira ação do Programa Fome Zero divulgada pelo governo, em 30 de janeiro de 2003.”
    • Fome Zero: a experiência brasileira (Série NEAD Especial 12) · Ministry of Agrarian Development (MDA) / NEAD Government communication
      Where: PDF p. 142, opening of chapter 6 (title and authorship). Accessed October 14, 2026.
      “6. FOME ZERO: Lições principais1 Escritório Regional da FAO para América Latina e o Caribe”
    • Fome Zero: Uma História Brasileira, v. 1 (org. Adriana Veiga Aranha) · Ministry of Social Development and Fight against Hunger (MDS), Fome Zero Advisory Office Government communication
      Where: PDF p. 133, chapter opening (title and author). Accessed October 14, 2026.
      “Fome ZeRo: GanHoS e peRDaS Frei Betto”

  2. 2. MP No. 103/2003 created the National Council for Food and Nutrition Security (CONSEA) and gave it the authority to advise the President of the Republic in formulating policies for the government to guarantee the human right to food; Law No. 10,683/2003, the conversion of MP 103, kept the creation.

    • Medida Provisória nº 103, de 1º de janeiro de 2003 · Presidency of the Republic (Planalto) Official legal act
      Where: art. 30, I and II. Accessed October 13, 2026.
      “São criados: I - o Conselho de Desenvolvimento Econômico e Social; II - o Conselho Nacional de Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional;”
    • Medida Provisória nº 103, de 1º de janeiro de 2003 · Presidency of the Republic (Planalto) Official legal act
      Where: art. 9. Accessed October 13, 2026.
      “Ao Conselho Nacional de Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional compete assessorar o Presidente da República na formulação de políticas e definição de diretrizes para que o governo garanta o direito humano à alimentação”
    • Lei nº 10.683, de 28 de maio de 2003 · Presidency of the Republic (Planalto) Official legal act
      Where: header. Accessed October 13, 2026.
      “Conversão da Medida Provisória nº 103, de 2003”
    • Lei nº 10.683, de 28 de maio de 2003 · Presidency of the Republic (Planalto) Official legal act
      Where: art. 30, I and II. Accessed October 13, 2026.
      “São criados: I - o Conselho de Desenvolvimento Econômico e Social; II - o Conselho Nacional de Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional;”

  3. 3. Official publications say that, in 2004, governmental coordination of and responsibility for Fome Zero passed to the MDS, after the Mesa was abolished, and that a Fome Zero Working Group was created, linked to the Casa Civil (Chief of Staff's Office) and coordinated by the MDS, with the participation of ministries and CONSEA.

    • Fome Zero: a experiência brasileira (Série NEAD Especial 12) · Ministry of Agrarian Development (MDA) / NEAD Government communication
      Where: PDF p. 145 (ch. 6, FAO). Accessed October 13, 2026.
      “A coordenação do FZ é realizada pelo Ministério do Desenvolvimento Social e Combate à Fome (MDS), que assumiu essa responsabilidade em 2004, após a extinção do Ministério Extraordinário de Segurança Alimentar e Combate à Fome (Mesa).”
    • Fome Zero: Uma História Brasileira, v. 1 (org. Adriana Veiga Aranha) · Ministry of Social Development and Fight against Hunger (MDS), Fome Zero Advisory Office Government communication
      Where: PDF p. 80. Accessed October 13, 2026.
      “Em 2004, a responsabilidade governamental pelo Fome Zero foi absorvida pelo Ministério do Desenvolvimento Social e Combate a Fome. Cria-se um Grupo de Trabalho, vinculado à Casa Civil e coordenado por este novo Ministério, onde vários Ministérios e a sociedade civil organizada representada pelo CONSEA passam a fazer parte de uma instância de articulação entre os programas que contribuem com o combate à fome do governo brasileiro.”
    • Fome Zero: a experiência brasileira (Série NEAD Especial 12) · Ministry of Agrarian Development (MDA) / NEAD Government communication
      Where: PDF p. 146 (ch. 6, FAO). Accessed October 13, 2026.
      “Um grupo de trabalho interministerial do Fome Zero foi criado pela Presidência para contribuir com a coordenação multissetorial no governo federal.”

  4. 4. Law No. 10,869 of May 13, 2004, the conversion of MPv No. 163 of 2004, transformed the Ministry of Social Assistance into the Ministry of Social Development and Fight against Hunger, abolished the Office of the Extraordinary Minister of State for Food Security and the Fight against Hunger, and transferred to the Ministry of Social Development and Fight against Hunger that Office's responsibilities for formulating and coordinating the implementation of the National Food and Nutrition Security Policy.

    • Medida Provisória nº 163, de 23 de janeiro de 2004 · Presidency of the Republic (Planalto) Official legal act
      Where: epigraph. Accessed October 13, 2026.
      “MEDIDA PROVISÓRIA Nº 163, DE 23 DE JANEIRO 2004.”
    • Lei nº 10.869, de 13 de maio de 2004 · Presidency of the Republic (Planalto) Official legal act
      Where: epigraph and header. Accessed October 13, 2026.
      “Conversão da MPv nº 163, de 2004”
    • Lei nº 10.869, de 13 de maio de 2004 · Presidency of the Republic (Planalto) Official legal act
      Where: art. 3, I. Accessed October 13, 2026.
      “São transformados: I - o Ministério da Assistência Social em Ministério do Desenvolvimento Social e Combate à Fome;”
    • Lei nº 10.869, de 13 de maio de 2004 · Presidency of the Republic (Planalto) Official legal act
      Where: art. 6, I. Accessed October 13, 2026.
      “Ficam extintos: I - o Gabinete do Ministro de Estado Extraordinário de Segurança Alimentar e Combate à Fome;”
    • Lei nº 10.869, de 13 de maio de 2004 · Presidency of the Republic (Planalto) Official legal act
      Where: art. 4, I (beginning). Accessed October 13, 2026.
      “São transferidas as competências: I - do Gabinete do Ministro de Estado Extraordinário de Segurança Alimentar e Combate à Fome, relativas à formulação e coordenação da implementação da Política Nacional de Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional”
    • Lei nº 10.869, de 13 de maio de 2004 · Presidency of the Republic (Planalto) Official legal act
      Where: art. 4, I (end). Accessed October 13, 2026.
      “para o Ministério do Desenvolvimento Social e Combate à Fome; II - da Casa Civil da Presidência da República”

  5. 5. In the preface to the MDS publication, signed by Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva on December 20, 2010, Fome Zero is described as a strategy with four axes (access to food; strengthening of family farming; income generation; coordination, mobilization and social control), of which Bolsa Família is the best-known action, and which includes Pronaf, PAA, PNAE, Restaurantes Populares, community kitchens, cisterns and the foundations of the LOSAN.

    • Fome Zero: Uma História Brasileira, v. 1 (org. Adriana Veiga Aranha) · Ministry of Social Development and Fight against Hunger (MDS), Fome Zero Advisory Office Government communication
      Where: PDF p. 11 (preface). Accessed October 13, 2026.
      “Para que todos os brasileiros pudessem se alimentar com dignidade, organizou-se uma estratégia em quatro eixos: (I) acesso aos alimentos; (II) fortalecimento da agricultura familiar; (III) geração de renda; (IV) articulação, mobilização e controle social.”
    • Fome Zero: Uma História Brasileira, v. 1 (org. Adriana Veiga Aranha) · Ministry of Social Development and Fight against Hunger (MDS), Fome Zero Advisory Office Government communication
      Where: PDF p. 11 (preface). Accessed October 13, 2026.
      “Delas, a mais conhecida é o Bolsa Família, maior programa de transferência de renda do mundo.”
    • Fome Zero: Uma História Brasileira, v. 1 (org. Adriana Veiga Aranha) · Ministry of Social Development and Fight against Hunger (MDS), Fome Zero Advisory Office Government communication
      Where: PDF p. 11 (preface). Accessed October 13, 2026.
      “O Fome Zero é também o Programa Nacional de Fortalecimento da Agricultura Familiar (Pronaf) e o seu complementar, o Programa Nacional de Aquisição de Alimentos da Agricultura Familiar (PAA). É o Programa Nacional de Alimentação Escolar (PNAE), a criação dos Restaurantes Populares e as cozinhas comunitárias. Engloba, também, a construção de cisternas de captação de água da chuva nas regiões do semiárido.”
    • Fome Zero: Uma História Brasileira, v. 1 (org. Adriana Veiga Aranha) · Ministry of Social Development and Fight against Hunger (MDS), Fome Zero Advisory Office Government communication
      Where: PDF p. 11 (preface). Accessed October 13, 2026.
      “Do Fome Zero faz parte, ainda, a iniciativa de estabelecer as bases para uma legislação específica para o setor que preserve e permita ampliar as conquistas. Essa é a importância da Lei Orgânica de Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional (LOSAN)”
    • Fome Zero: Uma História Brasileira, v. 1 (org. Adriana Veiga Aranha) · Ministry of Social Development and Fight against Hunger (MDS), Fome Zero Advisory Office Government communication
      Where: PDF p. 12 (signature of the preface). Accessed October 13, 2026.
      “Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva Presidente da República Federativa do Brasil Brasília-DF, 20 de dezembro de 2010”

  6. 6. The MDA publication reproduces a text signed by Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, dated 'Instituto Cidadania, outubro de 2001', in which he submits to public debate, on behalf of the Instituto Cidadania, the 'Projeto Fome Zero: Uma Proposta de Política de Segurança Alimentar para o Brasil'. A note in the publication says that the original version was launched by the Instituto Cidadania in October 2001.

    • Fome Zero: a experiência brasileira (Série NEAD Especial 12) · Ministry of Agrarian Development (MDA) / NEAD Government communication
      Where: PDF p. 12 (ch. 1, cover letter). Accessed October 13, 2026.
      “É com satisfação que entrego ao debate público, em nome do Instituto Cidadania, o Projeto Fome Zero – Uma Proposta de Política de Segurança Alimentar para o Brasil*.”
    • Fome Zero: a experiência brasileira (Série NEAD Especial 12) · Ministry of Agrarian Development (MDA) / NEAD Government communication
      Where: PDF p. 12, footnote *. Accessed October 13, 2026.
      “* Versão original disponível em <www.icidadania.org.br>, lançada pelo Instituto Cidadania em outubro de 2001.”
    • Fome Zero: a experiência brasileira (Série NEAD Especial 12) · Ministry of Agrarian Development (MDA) / NEAD Government communication
      Where: PDF p. 14 (signature of the letter). Accessed October 13, 2026.
      “Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva Instituto Cidadania, outubro de 2001.”

  7. 7. Decree No. 4,582 of January 30, 2003 regulated the operation of CONSEA, defined as a body of immediate advice to the President of the Republic with the objective of proposing the general guidelines of the National Food and Nutrition Security Policy.

    • Decreto nº 4.582, de 30 de janeiro de 2003 · Presidency of the Republic (Planalto) Official legal act
      Where: epigraph and summary. Accessed October 13, 2026.
      “DECRETO Nº 4.582, DE 30 DE JANEIRO DE 2003.”
    • Decreto nº 4.582, de 30 de janeiro de 2003 · Presidency of the Republic (Planalto) Official legal act
      Where: summary. Accessed October 13, 2026.
      “Regulamenta o funcionamento do Conselho Nacional de Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional - CONSEA, e dá outras providências.”
    • Decreto nº 4.582, de 30 de janeiro de 2003 · Presidency of the Republic (Planalto) Official legal act
      Where: art. 1. Accessed October 13, 2026.
      “O Conselho Nacional de Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional - CONSEA, órgão de assessoramento imediato ao Presidente da República, tem como objetivo propor as diretrizes gerais da Política Nacional de Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional do Poder Executivo.”

  8. 8. Law No. 11,346 of September 15, 2006 (LOSAN) creates the National Food and Nutrition Security System (SISAN). In the original wording, art. 11, II, included among the members of SISAN the CONSEA, a body of immediate advice to the President of the Republic; in the compiled text on the Planalto site that item carries the mark of revocation by Provisional Measure No. 870 of 2019, and shortly afterward is reproduced with the same wording, without that mark. According to the MDS publication, the diagnosis of the legal-institutional situation of the programs that make up Fome Zero, carried out by the Working Group, ended up contributing to the drafting of the LOSAN.

    • Lei nº 11.346, de 15 de setembro de 2006 · Presidency of the Republic (Planalto) Official legal act
      Where: epigraph. Accessed October 13, 2026.
      “LEI Nº 11.346, DE 15 DE SETEMBRO DE 2006.”
    • Lei nº 11.346, de 15 de setembro de 2006 · Presidency of the Republic (Planalto) Official legal act
      Where: summary. Accessed October 13, 2026.
      “Cria o Sistema Nacional de Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional – SISAN com vistas em assegurar o direito humano à alimentação adequada e dá outras providências.”
    • Lei nº 11.346, de 15 de setembro de 2006 · Presidency of the Republic (Planalto) Official legal act
      Where: art. 11, II (original wording). Accessed October 13, 2026.
      “II – o CONSEA, órgão de assessoramento imediato ao Presidente da República”
    • Fome Zero: Uma História Brasileira, v. 1 (org. Adriana Veiga Aranha) · Ministry of Social Development and Fight against Hunger (MDS), Fome Zero Advisory Office Government communication
      Where: PDF p. 81. Accessed October 13, 2026.
      “Outro trabalho que merece destaque pelo GT foi o diagnóstico da situação jurídico-institucional dos programas que compõem o Fome Zero, que acabou contribuindo para a elaboração da LOSAN.”
    • Lei nº 11.346, de 15 de setembro de 2006 · Presidency of the Republic (Planalto) Official legal act
      Where: art. 11, caput. Accessed October 14, 2026.
      “Art. 11. Integram o SISAN:”
    • Lei nº 11.346, de 15 de setembro de 2006 · Presidency of the Republic (Planalto) Official legal act
      Where: art. 11, II, with the mark in the compiled text. Accessed October 14, 2026.
      “II – o CONSEA, órgão de assessoramento imediato ao Presidente da República, responsável pelas seguintes atribuições: (Revogado pela Medida Provisória nº 870, de 2019)”

  9. 9. According to the chapter by Maya Takagi in the MDS publication "Fome Zero: Uma História Brasileira" (2010), the Fome Zero Project, prepared at the Instituto Cidadania, was launched in Brasília on World Food Day, October 12, 2001, with the participation of numerous political leaders from social and business movements; the chapter's note cites governors, leaders of the PT, PL, PSB and PTB caucuses, mayors and representatives of international organizations such as FAO, UNICEF, ILO and the World Bank.

    • Fome Zero: Uma História Brasileira, v. 1 (org. Adriana Veiga Aranha) · Ministry of Social Development and Fight against Hunger (MDS), Fome Zero Advisory Office Government communication
      Where: PDF p. 54, chapter opening (title and author). Accessed October 14, 2026.
      “a ImplanTaÇÃo Do pRoGRama Fome ZeRo Do GoVeRno lula1 Maya Takagi”
    • Fome Zero: Uma História Brasileira, v. 1 (org. Adriana Veiga Aranha) · Ministry of Social Development and Fight against Hunger (MDS), Fome Zero Advisory Office Government communication
      Where: PDF p. 54, section O Projeto Fome Zero do Instituto Cidadania. Accessed October 14, 2026.
      “Coube ao Instituto Cidadania, ONG dirigida por Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, a retomada do tema da segurança alimentar como política pública dez anos após a primeira proposta.”
    • Fome Zero: Uma História Brasileira, v. 1 (org. Adriana Veiga Aranha) · Ministry of Social Development and Fight against Hunger (MDS), Fome Zero Advisory Office Government communication
      Where: PDF p. 55, paragraph after the definition of food security. Accessed October 14, 2026.
      “projeto foi lançado em Brasília, contando com a participação de inúmeras lideranças políticas dos movimentos sociais e empresariais3 no Dia Mundial da Alimentação, em 12/10/2001, e permaneceu na agenda política do País desde então.”
    • Fome Zero: Uma História Brasileira, v. 1 (org. Adriana Veiga Aranha) · Ministry of Social Development and Fight against Hunger (MDS), Fome Zero Advisory Office Government communication
      Where: PDF p. 55, chapter note 3. Accessed October 14, 2026.
      “3 Estiveram presentes governadores, líderes das bancadas dos partidos (PT, PL, PSB, PTB), diversos prefeitos, representantes de organizações internacionais como FAO, UNICEF, OIT e Banco Mundial”
    • Fome Zero: Uma História Brasileira, v. 1 (org. Adriana Veiga Aranha) · Ministry of Social Development and Fight against Hunger (MDS), Fome Zero Advisory Office Government communication
      Where: PDF p. 6, cataloging record (caveat). Accessed October 14, 2026.
      “As opiniões emitidas nesta publicação são de exclusiva e de inteira responsabilidade dos autores, não exprimindo, necessariamente, o ponto de vista do Ministério do Desenvolvimento Social e Combate à Fome”

  10. 10. In the speech at the Inauguration Session in the National Congress, on January 1, 2003, Lula said he had set among the priorities of his government a food security program called 'Fome Zero'.

  11. 11. Law No. 10,689 of June 13, 2003 created the National Program for Access to Food (PNAA), linked to actions aimed at combating hunger and promoting food and nutrition security. An Ipea Discussion Paper records that the program came to be known as Cartão Alimentação (Food Card).

  12. 12. Law No. 10,696 of July 2, 2003 (art. 19, original wording) established the Food Acquisition Program (PAA). A FAO document reproduced by the MDA lists the PAA among the largest Fome Zero programs.

    • Lei nº 10.696, de 2 de julho de 2003 · Presidency of the Republic (Planalto) Official legal act
      Where: epigraph. Accessed October 13, 2026.
      “LEI No 10.696, DE 2 DE JULHO DE 2003”
    • Lei nº 10.696, de 2 de julho de 2003 · Presidency of the Republic (Planalto) Official legal act
      Where: art. 19, caput (original wording). Accessed October 13, 2026.
      “Fica instituído o Programa de Aquisição de Alimentos com a finalidade de incentivar a agricultura familiar, compreendendo ações vinculadas à distribuição de produtos agropecuários para pessoas em situação de insegurança alimentar e à formação de estoques estratégicos.”
    • Fome Zero: a experiência brasileira (Série NEAD Especial 12) · Ministry of Agrarian Development (MDA) / NEAD Government communication
      Where: PDF p. 145 (ch. 6, FAO). Accessed October 13, 2026.
      “Programa de Aquisição de Alimentos (PAA), que promove a compra de alimentos da agricultura familiar para sua distribuição local a instituições e programas alimentares. Programa de Construção de Cisternas, para coletar água de chuva para uso doméstico no semiárido do nordeste do país.”

  13. 13. Decree No. 7,272 of August 25, 2010 established the National Food and Nutrition Security Policy (PNSAN), with the general objective of promoting food and nutrition security, pursuant to art. 3 of Law No. 11,346 of September 15, 2006.

    • Decreto nº 7.272, de 25 de agosto de 2010 · Presidency of the Republic (Planalto) Official legal act
      Where: epigraph. Accessed October 13, 2026.
      “DECRETO Nº 7.272, DE 25 DE AGOSTO DE 2010.”
    • Decreto nº 7.272, de 25 de agosto de 2010 · Presidency of the Republic (Planalto) Official legal act
      Where: art. 2, caput. Accessed October 13, 2026.
      “Fica instituída a Política Nacional de Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional - PNSAN, com o objetivo geral de promover a segurança alimentar e nutricional, na forma do art. 3o da Lei no 11.346, de 15 de setembro de 2006”

  14. 14. An Ipea Discussion Paper (2014) says that the Fome Zero Program was launched in the very first days of the government, as an initiative of interministerial coordination of short-, medium- and long-term actions aimed at food security and the fight against poverty, and that its institutional design resulted in MP No. 103 of January 1, 2003.

  15. 15. A FAO working document presented in a videoconference on August 14, 2006, prepared by a FAO team and published in the MDA book as a chapter of the FAO Regional Office for Latin America and the Caribbean, says that Fome Zero is an evolving concept: in 2003 it was described as a program created to combat hunger and its structural causes; in 2005 (citing MDS, 2005) it was described as "a strategy of the Federal Government to ensure the human right to adequate food". The English edition of the book carries the same definition.

    • Fome Zero: a experiência brasileira (Série NEAD Especial 12) · Ministry of Agrarian Development (MDA) / NEAD Government communication
      Where: PDF p. 144 (ch. 6, FAO). Accessed October 13, 2026.
      “Fome Zero é um conceito em evolução.”
    • Fome Zero: a experiência brasileira (Série NEAD Especial 12) · Ministry of Agrarian Development (MDA) / NEAD Government communication
      Where: PDF p. 144. Accessed October 13, 2026.
      “Em 2003, ele era descrito como um programa criado para combater a fome e suas causas estruturais, que geram exclusão social.”
    • Fome Zero: a experiência brasileira (Série NEAD Especial 12) · Ministry of Agrarian Development (MDA) / NEAD Government communication
      Where: PDF p. 144. Accessed October 13, 2026.
      “Mais recentemente, em 2005, o Fome Zero foi descrito nos seguintes termos: O Fome Zero é uma estratégia do Governo Federal para assegurar o direito humano à alimentação adequada, priorizando as pessoas com dificuldade de acesso aos alimentos.”
    • The Fome Zero (Zero Hunger) Program: The Brazilian experience (NEAD Special Series 13) · Ministry of Agrarian Development (MDA), Brasília; archive hosted by FAO Government communication
      Where: PDF p. 143 (ch. 6, FAO Regional Office). Accessed October 13, 2026.
      “The Zero Hunger Program is a strategy of the Federal Government to ensure the human right to adequate food, giving priority to people facing difficulties to access food.”
    • Fome Zero: a experiência brasileira (Série NEAD Especial 12) · Ministry of Agrarian Development (MDA) / NEAD Government communication
      Where: PDF p. 142, opening of chapter 6 (title and authorship). Accessed October 14, 2026.
      “6. FOME ZERO: Lições principais1 Escritório Regional da FAO para América Latina e o Caribe”
    • Fome Zero: a experiência brasileira (Série NEAD Especial 12) · Ministry of Agrarian Development (MDA) / NEAD Government communication
      Where: PDF p. 142, note 1. Accessed October 14, 2026.
      “1. Documento de trabalho da FAO apresentado na videoconferência entre Bolívia, Brasil, Chile, Colômbia, Guatemala, Peru e Venezuela, em 14 de agosto de 2006.”
    • Fome Zero: a experiência brasileira (Série NEAD Especial 12) · Ministry of Agrarian Development (MDA) / NEAD Government communication
      Where: PDF pp. 142 and 143, introduction. Accessed October 14, 2026.
      “Esta breve revisão do Fome Zero foi preparada para servir de base para a videoconferência, por uma equipe da FAO que vem acompanhando a implantação do FZ desde seu início3.”

  16. 16. Decree No. 4,669 of April 9, 2003, signed by Lula, Antonio Palocci Filho and José Graziano da Silva, reduced to zero the IPI rates applicable to products donated to the Office of the Extraordinary Minister of State for Food Security and the Fight against Hunger and for use in the Fome Zero Program, subject to the rules and conditions established in a joint act of that Office and the Ministry of Finance. Its revocation was declared by Decree No. 10,473 of August 24, 2020.

  17. 17. According to a FAO text reproduced in an MDA book, FZ consists of a set of more than 30 complementary programs; among the largest programs, in terms of investment, number of beneficiaries and visibility, is Bolsa Família. The same text says that the MDS is directly responsible for Bolsa Família, as well as other social protection programs, which are not part of FZ.

    • Fome Zero: a experiência brasileira (Série NEAD Especial 12) · Ministry of Agrarian Development (MDA) / NEAD Government communication
      Where: PDF p. 144. Accessed October 13, 2026.
      “Em termos práticos, o FZ, hoje, consiste de um conjunto de mais de 30 programas complementares direcionados a combater”
    • Fome Zero: a experiência brasileira (Série NEAD Especial 12) · Ministry of Agrarian Development (MDA) / NEAD Government communication
      Where: PDF p. 145. Accessed October 13, 2026.
      “Os maiores programas, em termos de investimento, número de beneficiários e visibilidade, são: Bolsa Família, um programa de transferência de renda, dirigido às famílias pobres, condicionada à assistência das crianças à escola e ao controle da saúde.”
    • Fome Zero: a experiência brasileira (Série NEAD Especial 12) · Ministry of Agrarian Development (MDA) / NEAD Government communication
      Where: PDF p. 146. Accessed October 13, 2026.
      “Além do seu papel na coordenação dos programas FZ, o MDS é diretamente responsável pelo Bolsa Família, assim como outros programas de proteção social, não integrantes do FZ.”

  18. 18. The MDS publication says that the Fome Zero actions fall under four coordinating axes (Expanding Access to Food; Strengthening Family Farming; Promoting Processes of Productive Inclusion; Coordination, Mobilization and Social Control) and that this design has only an organizational effect.

    • Fome Zero: Uma História Brasileira, v. 1 (org. Adriana Veiga Aranha) · Ministry of Social Development and Fight against Hunger (MDS), Fome Zero Advisory Office Government communication
      Where: PDF p. 81 (ch. 'Fome Zero: a construção de uma estratégia de combate à fome no Brasil'). Accessed October 13, 2026.
      “Conforme ilustrado, as ações do Fome Zero se enquadram em quatro eixos articuladores: Ampliação do Acesso aos Alimentos, Fortalecimento da Agricultura Familiar, Promoção de Processos de Inserção Produtiva e Articulação, Mobilização e controle social. Este desenho tem somente um efeito organizativo.”

  19. 19. Two chapters of the MDA book say that CONSEA was installed on January 30, 2003; one of them says that the council was recreated in the first act issued after Lula took office.

    • Fome Zero: a experiência brasileira (Série NEAD Especial 12) · Ministry of Agrarian Development (MDA) / NEAD Government communication
      Where: PDF p. 79 (ch. 3, Maya Takagi). Accessed October 13, 2026.
      “O segundo eixo de atuação do governo na área de SAN era a construção participativa da Política de Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional, por meio do Consea, que foi instalado em 30 de janeiro de 2003, com 62 membros, sendo 13 ministros, 38 representantes da sociedade civil e 11 observadores.”
    • Fome Zero: a experiência brasileira (Série NEAD Especial 12) · Ministry of Agrarian Development (MDA) / NEAD Government communication
      Where: PDF p. 252 (ch. 10, Francisco Menezes). Accessed October 13, 2026.
      “No primeiro ato expedido após sua posse, junto com diversas medidas estabelecidas, recriou o Conselho Nacional de Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional. O conselho foi instalado em 30 de janeiro de 2003, sendo formado por 59 conselheiros – 17 ministros de Estado e 42 representantes da sociedade civil1.”

  20. 20. According to Frei Betto, in the MDS publication, the Social Mobilization of Fome Zero, coordinated by Oded Grajew and himself, proposed the structures COPO, PRATO, SAL and TALHER; he states that very little of this design was used, for lack of alignment between the Mesa and the Social Mobilization Office, and that only TALHER took hold, as a Popular Education Network.

    • Fome Zero: Uma História Brasileira, v. 1 (org. Adriana Veiga Aranha) · Ministry of Social Development and Fight against Hunger (MDS), Fome Zero Advisory Office Government communication
      Where: PDF p. 135. Accessed October 13, 2026.
      “Sobre esta MESA, a Mobilização Social do Fome Zero, coordenada por Oded Grajew e por mim, propôs colocar COPO, PRATO, SAL e TALHER.”
    • Fome Zero: Uma História Brasileira, v. 1 (org. Adriana Veiga Aranha) · Ministry of Social Development and Fight against Hunger (MDS), Fome Zero Advisory Office Government communication
      Where: PDF p. 136. Accessed October 13, 2026.
      “Muito pouco desse desenho foi efetivamente aproveitado pelo Fome Zero, devido à falta de sintonia entre o Mesa e o Gabinete de Mobilização Social. Só o TALHER vingou, sob o nome de Rede de Educação Popular”
    • Fome Zero: Uma História Brasileira, v. 1 (org. Adriana Veiga Aranha) · Ministry of Social Development and Fight against Hunger (MDS), Fome Zero Advisory Office Government communication
      Where: PDF p. 133, chapter opening (title and author). Accessed October 14, 2026.
      “Fome ZeRo: GanHoS e peRDaS Frei Betto”
    • Fome Zero: Uma História Brasileira, v. 1 (org. Adriana Veiga Aranha) · Ministry of Social Development and Fight against Hunger (MDS), Fome Zero Advisory Office Government communication
      Where: PDF p. 139, Author's Presentation. Accessed October 14, 2026.
      “Frei Betto é frade dominicano e escritor, autor de 52 livros editados no Brasil e no exterior.”

  21. 21. The original text of Decree No. 4,582/2003 provided that CONSEA would be composed of thirty-eight councilors, appointed by the President of the Republic, who will represent civil society, and by authorities listed in thirteen items (Ministers of State and the Special Secretary for Policies for Women, of the Presidency of the Republic); a fourteenth item, the Special Secretary for Policies for the Promotion of Racial Equality, was added by Decree No. 4,848 of September 29, 2003.

    • Decreto nº 4.582, de 30 de janeiro de 2003 · Presidency of the Republic (Planalto) Official legal act
      Where: art. 3, caput. Accessed October 14, 2026.
      “O CONSEA será composto por trinta e oito conselheiros, designados pelo Presidente da República, que representarão a sociedade civil, e pelas seguintes autoridades:”
    • Decreto nº 4.582, de 30 de janeiro de 2003 · Presidency of the Republic (Planalto) Official legal act
      Where: art. 3, items XIII and XIV. Accessed October 14, 2026.
      “XIII - Secretário Especial de Políticas para as Mulheres, da Presidência da República. XIV - Secretária Especial de Políticas de Promoção da Igualdade Racial, da Presidência da República. (Incluído pelo Decreto nº 4.848, de 29.9.2003)”
    • Decreto nº 4.582, de 30 de janeiro de 2003 · Presidency of the Republic (Planalto) Official legal act
      Where: art. 3, items I and II. Accessed October 14, 2026.
      “I - Ministro de Estado Extraordinário de Segurança Alimentar e Combate à Fome; II - Ministro de Estado da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento;”

  22. 22. Decree No. 5,079 of May 12, 2004 revoked Decree No. 4,582 of January 30, 2003, and provided that CONSEA would be composed of forty-two councilors, appointed by the President of the Republic, who will represent civil society, and by the Ministers of State, Special Secretaries and Chief Adviser of the Special Advisory Office listed in items I to XVII of art. 3. Decree No. 5,303 of 2004 gave new wording to the caput, including alternates, and kept the forty-two councilors.

    • Decreto nº 5.079, de 12 de maio de 2004 (texto compilado) · Presidency of the Republic (Planalto) Official legal act
      Where: epigraph. Accessed October 14, 2026.
      “DECRETO Nº 5.079, DE 12 DE MAIO DE 2004.”
    • Decreto nº 5.079, de 12 de maio de 2004 (texto compilado) · Presidency of the Republic (Planalto) Official legal act
      Where: art. 3, caput (original wording). Accessed October 14, 2026.
      “O CONSEA será composto por quarenta e dois conselheiros, designados pelo Presidente da República, que representarão a sociedade civil, e pelos seguintes Ministros de Estado, Secretários Especiais e Assessor-Chefe da Asessoria Especial do Presidente da República:”
    • Decreto nº 5.079, de 12 de maio de 2004 (texto compilado) · Presidency of the Republic (Planalto) Official legal act
      Where: art. 3, caput (wording given by Decree 5,303/2004). Accessed October 14, 2026.
      “O CONSEA será composto por quarenta e dois conselheiros e seus suplentes, designados pelo Presidente da República, que representarão a sociedade civil, e pelos seguintes Ministros de Estado, Secretários Especiais e Assessor-Chefe da Assessoria Especial do Presidente da República: (Redação dada pelo Decreto nº 5.303, de 2004)”
    • Decreto nº 5.079, de 12 de maio de 2004 (texto compilado) · Presidency of the Republic (Planalto) Official legal act
      Where: art. 3, items XVI and XVII. Accessed October 14, 2026.
      “XVI - da Secretaria Especial de Políticas de Promoção da Igualdade Racial da Presidência da República; e XVII - do Assessor-Chefe da Assessoria Especial da Presidência da República.”
    • Decreto nº 5.079, de 12 de maio de 2004 (texto compilado) · Presidency of the Republic (Planalto) Official legal act
      Where: art. 10. Accessed October 14, 2026.
      “Art. 10. Fica revogado o Decreto n o 4.582, de 30 de janeiro de 2003.”

  23. 23. The MDA book (2010) attributes to the council installed on January 30, 2003 a composition of 59 councilors (17 ministers of state and 42 representatives of civil society). The number of civil society representatives matches that of Decree No. 5,079 of May 12, 2004 (forty-two councilors, with authorities in items I to XVII of art. 3), and not that of Decree No. 4,582 of January 30, 2003 (thirty-eight councilors, with authorities in items I to XIII and item XIV added by Decree No. 4,848 of September 29, 2003).

    • Fome Zero: a experiência brasileira (Série NEAD Especial 12) · Ministry of Agrarian Development (MDA) / NEAD Government communication
      Where: PDF p. 252 (ch. 10, Francisco Menezes, "Participação social no Fome Zero: a experiência do Consea"). Accessed October 14, 2026.
      “O conselho foi instalado em 30 de janeiro de 2003, sendo formado por 59 conselheiros – 17 ministros de Estado e 42 representantes da sociedade civil1.”
    • Decreto nº 5.079, de 12 de maio de 2004 (texto compilado) · Presidency of the Republic (Planalto) Official legal act
      Where: epigraph. Accessed October 14, 2026.
      “DECRETO Nº 5.079, DE 12 DE MAIO DE 2004.”
    • Decreto nº 5.079, de 12 de maio de 2004 (texto compilado) · Presidency of the Republic (Planalto) Official legal act
      Where: art. 3, caput (original wording). Accessed October 14, 2026.
      “O CONSEA será composto por quarenta e dois conselheiros, designados pelo Presidente da República, que representarão a sociedade civil, e pelos seguintes Ministros de Estado, Secretários Especiais e Assessor-Chefe da Asessoria Especial do Presidente da República:”
    • Decreto nº 5.079, de 12 de maio de 2004 (texto compilado) · Presidency of the Republic (Planalto) Official legal act
      Where: art. 3, items XVI and XVII. Accessed October 14, 2026.
      “XVI - da Secretaria Especial de Políticas de Promoção da Igualdade Racial da Presidência da República; e XVII - do Assessor-Chefe da Assessoria Especial da Presidência da República.”
    • Decreto nº 4.582, de 30 de janeiro de 2003 · Presidency of the Republic (Planalto) Official legal act
      Where: epigraph. Accessed October 14, 2026.
      “DECRETO Nº 4.582, DE 30 DE JANEIRO DE 2003.”
    • Decreto nº 4.582, de 30 de janeiro de 2003 · Presidency of the Republic (Planalto) Official legal act
      Where: art. 3, caput. Accessed October 14, 2026.
      “O CONSEA será composto por trinta e oito conselheiros, designados pelo Presidente da República, que representarão a sociedade civil, e pelas seguintes autoridades:”
    • Decreto nº 4.582, de 30 de janeiro de 2003 · Presidency of the Republic (Planalto) Official legal act
      Where: art. 3, items XIII and XIV. Accessed October 14, 2026.
      “XIII - Secretário Especial de Políticas para as Mulheres, da Presidência da República. XIV - Secretária Especial de Políticas de Promoção da Igualdade Racial, da Presidência da República. (Incluído pelo Decreto nº 4.848, de 29.9.2003)”

  24. 24. The count of 62 members in the MDA book for the Consea installed on January 30, 2003 (13 ministers, 38 civil society representatives and 11 observers) matches the original text of Decree No. 4,582 of January 30, 2003, in the thirty-eight civil society councilors and in the number of authorities in items I to XIII of art. 3, although item XIII is the Special Secretary for Policies for Women, of the Presidency of the Republic. As for the observers, the compiled text of the decree lists ten bodies and entities as permanent guests, in the capacity of observers (items I to X of § 5), a number different from the book's 11.

    • Fome Zero: a experiência brasileira (Série NEAD Especial 12) · Ministry of Agrarian Development (MDA) / NEAD Government communication
      Where: PDF p. 79 (ch. 3, Maya Takagi). Accessed October 14, 2026.
      “que foi instalado em 30 de janeiro de 2003, com 62 membros, sendo 13 ministros, 38 representantes da sociedade civil e 11 observadores.”
    • Decreto nº 4.582, de 30 de janeiro de 2003 · Presidency of the Republic (Planalto) Official legal act
      Where: art. 3, caput. Accessed October 14, 2026.
      “O CONSEA será composto por trinta e oito conselheiros, designados pelo Presidente da República, que representarão a sociedade civil, e pelas seguintes autoridades:”
    • Decreto nº 4.582, de 30 de janeiro de 2003 · Presidency of the Republic (Planalto) Official legal act
      Where: art. 3, items XII and XIII. Accessed October 14, 2026.
      “XII - Ministro de Estado Chefe da Secretaria-Geral da Presidência da República; e XIII - Secretário Especial de Políticas para as Mulheres, da Presidência da República.”
    • Decreto nº 4.582, de 30 de janeiro de 2003 · Presidency of the Republic (Planalto) Official legal act
      Where: art. 3, § 5, caput. Accessed October 14, 2026.
      “convidados permanentes, na condição de observadores, representantes dos seguintes órgãos e entidades: (Renumerado pelo Decreto nº 5.024, de 2004)”
    • Decreto nº 4.582, de 30 de janeiro de 2003 · Presidency of the Republic (Planalto) Official legal act
      Where: art. 3, § 5, items IX and X. Accessed October 14, 2026.
      “IX - Banco Mundial; e X - Banco Interamericano de Desenvolvimento.”

  25. 25. A note in the MDA book (2010) says that, in the following term, begun in 2007, after the III National Conference on Food and Nutrition Security, the council had 57 councilors, of whom 38 were from civil society and 19 were ministers of state. The number matches that of Decree No. 6,272 of November 23, 2007 (fifty-seven members, two thirds representatives of civil society and one third government representatives).

    • Fome Zero: a experiência brasileira (Série NEAD Especial 12) · Ministry of Agrarian Development (MDA) / NEAD Government communication
      Where: PDF p. 252, note 1 of ch. 10 (Francisco Menezes). Accessed October 14, 2026.
      “1. Na gestão seguinte, iniciada em 2007, após a III Conferência Nacional de Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional, a composição do conselho ficou assim definida: 57 conselheiros, sendo 38 da sociedade civil e 19 ministros de Estado.”
    • Decreto nº 6.272, de 23 de novembro de 2007 (texto compilado) · Presidency of the Republic (Planalto) Official legal act
      Where: epigraph and preamble. Accessed October 14, 2026.
      “DECRETO Nº 6.272, DE 23 DE NOVEMBRO DE 2007.”
    • Decreto nº 6.272, de 23 de novembro de 2007 (texto compilado) · Presidency of the Republic (Planalto) Official legal act
      Where: art. 3, caput (original wording). Accessed October 14, 2026.
      “O CONSEA será composto por cinqüenta e sete membros, titulares e suplentes, dos quais dois terços de representantes da sociedade civil e um terço de representantes governamentais”

  26. 26. Decree No. 11,421 of February 28, 2023, issued in view of Law No. 11,346/2006, amended Decree No. 6,272/2007 and set that CONSEA will be composed of sixty members, of whom two thirds are representatives of civil society and one third are government representatives, pursuant to art. 11 of Law No. 11,346/2006.

    • Decreto nº 11.421, de 28 de fevereiro de 2023 · Presidency of the Republic (Planalto) Official legal act
      Where: epigraph and summary. Accessed October 14, 2026.
      “DECRETO Nº 11.421, DE 28 DE FEVEREIRO DE 2023 Altera o Decreto nº 6.272, de 23 de novembro de 2007, que dispõe sobre as competências, a composição e o funcionamento do Conselho Nacional de Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional - CONSEA.”
    • Decreto nº 11.421, de 28 de fevereiro de 2023 · Presidency of the Republic (Planalto) Official legal act
      Where: preamble. Accessed October 14, 2026.
      “e tendo em vista o disposto na Lei nº 11.346, de 15 de setembro de 2006,”
    • Decreto nº 11.421, de 28 de fevereiro de 2023 · Presidency of the Republic (Planalto) Official legal act
      Where: new wording of art. 3 of Decree 6,272. Accessed October 14, 2026.
      “Art. 3º O CONSEA será composto por sessenta membros, dos quais dois terços de representantes da sociedade civil e um terço de representantes governamentais, conforme o disposto no art. 11 da Lei nº 11.346, de 15 de setembro de 2006.”

  27. 27. Provisional Measure No. 132 of October 20, 2003, converted into Law No. 10,836 of January 9, 2004, created the Bolsa Família Program, whose purpose is to unify the procedures for managing and carrying out the Federal Government's income transfer actions, especially those of Bolsa Escola and the National Program for Access to Food (PNAA).

    • Medida Provisória nº 132, de 20 de outubro de 2003 · Presidency of the Republic (Planalto) Official legal act
      Where: epigraph. Accessed October 13, 2026.
      “MEDIDA PROVISÓRIA Nº 132, DE 20 DE OUTUBRO 2003.”
    • Lei nº 10.836, de 9 de janeiro de 2004 · Presidency of the Republic (Planalto) Official legal act
      Where: epigraph. Accessed October 13, 2026.
      “LEI Nº 10.836, DE 9 DE JANEIRO DE 2004”
    • Lei nº 10.836, de 9 de janeiro de 2004 · Presidency of the Republic (Planalto) Official legal act
      Where: art. 1, caput. Accessed October 13, 2026.
      “Fica criado, no âmbito da Presidência da República, o Programa Bolsa Família, destinado às ações de transferência de renda com condicionalidades.”
    • Lei nº 10.836, de 9 de janeiro de 2004 · Presidency of the Republic (Planalto) Official legal act
      Where: art. 1, sole paragraph. Accessed October 13, 2026.
      “O Programa de que trata o caput tem por finalidade a unificação dos procedimentos de gestão e execução das ações de transferência de renda do Governo Federal, especialmente as do Programa Nacional de Renda Mínima vinculado à Educação - Bolsa Escola, instituído pela Lei nº 10.219, de 11 de abril de 2001, do Programa Nacional de Acesso à Alimentação - PNAA”

  28. 28. Ipea (2014) assesses that the Cartão Alimentação (Food Card) went against the grain of the debate on unifying income transfers and that the government changed its strategy in October 2003 with the launch of Bolsa Família, which consolidated itself as the government's main action against hunger and destitution, encompassing Bolsa Escola, Auxílio Gás and Cartão Alimentação.

  29. 29. Art. 85, III, of Provisional Measure No. 870 of January 1, 2019 revoked item II of the caput (the CONSEA) and §§ 2, 3 and 4 of art. 11 of Law No. 11,346 of September 15, 2006.

    • Medida Provisória nº 870, de 1º de janeiro de 2019 · Presidency of the Republic (Planalto) Official legal act
      Where: epigraph. Accessed October 14, 2026.
      “MEDIDA PROVISÓRIA Nº 870, DE 1º DE JANEIRO DE 2019”
    • Medida Provisória nº 870, de 1º de janeiro de 2019 · Presidency of the Republic (Planalto) Official legal act
      Where: art. 85, caput and item I. Accessed October 14, 2026.
      “Revogações Art. 85. Ficam revogados: I - o inciso IV do caput do art. 9º da Lei 9.069, de 1995;”
    • Medida Provisória nº 870, de 1º de janeiro de 2019 · Presidency of the Republic (Planalto) Official legal act
      Where: art. 85, III. Accessed October 14, 2026.
      “III - o inciso II do caput e os § 2º , § 3º e § 4º do art. 11 da Lei nº 11.346, de 15 de setembro de 2006;”
    • Lei nº 11.346, de 15 de setembro de 2006 · Presidency of the Republic (Planalto) Official legal act
      Where: art. 11, II (original wording). Accessed October 13, 2026.
      “II – o CONSEA, órgão de assessoramento imediato ao Presidente da República”

  30. 30. Law No. 14,600 of June 19, 2023, the conversion of Provisional Measure No. 1,154 of 2023, includes the National Council for Food and Nutrition Security among the bodies advising the President of the Republic that make up the Presidency (art. 2, § 1, V) and assigns it to advise the President of the Republic in formulating policies and defining guidelines to guarantee the human right to food (art. 13).

    • Lei nº 14.600, de 19 de junho de 2023 · Presidency of the Republic (Planalto) Official legal act
      Where: epigraph and conversion note. Accessed October 14, 2026.
      “LEI Nº 14.600, DE 19 DE JUNHO DE 2023 Mensagem de veto Conversão da Medida Provisória nº 1.154, de 2023”
    • Lei nº 14.600, de 19 de junho de 2023 · Presidency of the Republic (Planalto) Official legal act
      Where: art. 2, § 1, items I to V. Accessed October 14, 2026.
      “§ 1º Integram a Presidência da República, como órgãos de assessoramento ao Presidente da República: I - o Conselho de Governo; II - o Conselho de Desenvolvimento Econômico Social Sustentável; III - o Conselho Nacional de Política Energética; IV - o Conselho do Programa de Parcerias de Investimentos; V - o Conselho Nacional de Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional;”
    • Lei nº 14.600, de 19 de junho de 2023 · Presidency of the Republic (Planalto) Official legal act
      Where: art. 13. Accessed October 14, 2026.
      “Art. 13. Ao Conselho Nacional de Segurança Alimentar e Nutricional compete assessorar o Presidente da República na formulação de políticas e na definição de diretrizes para a garantia do direito humano à alimentação”

  31. 31. According to a FAO text reproduced by the MDA, total federal government investments through the budgets of the Mesa/MDS and of other ministries increased from R$4.9 billion in 2003 to R$11.6 billion in 2006 in current values.

    • Fome Zero: a experiência brasileira (Série NEAD Especial 12) · Ministry of Agrarian Development (MDA) / NEAD Government communication
      Where: PDF p. 146 (ch. 6, FAO). Accessed October 13, 2026.
      “O total dos investimentos do governo federal por meio dos orçamentos do Mesa/MDS e de outros ministérios aumentou de R$ 4,9 bilhões em 2003 para R$11,6 bilhões em 2006 em valores correntes.”

  32. 32. In an Ipea Discussion Paper (TD 1953, 2014), Sandro Pereira Silva concludes that the engineering proposed and established by the Fome Zero Program provided the main reference for the institutionalization of food and nutrition security on the public policy agenda, but cautions that it was a strategy entirely dependent on context, and was able to secure that institutionalization only through a series of earlier measures and actions.

  33. 33. According to a FAO text reproduced in an MDA book, setting an ambitious goal, seeking to have all Brazilians eat three meals a day by the end of his four-year term, was essential to ensure political priority, but this created expectations that the problem of food insecurity could be solved overnight; the difficulties became even more complex because of the absence of a legal framework and of procedures to implement the actions; and the great deal that was accomplished in such a short time was considered insufficient, in relation to the population's expectations and the resulting complaints and criticism from the media.

    • Fome Zero: a experiência brasileira (Série NEAD Especial 12) · Ministry of Agrarian Development (MDA) / NEAD Government communication
      Where: PDF p. 147 (ch. 6, FAO). Accessed October 13, 2026.
      “O estabelecimento de um objetivo ambicioso – buscar que todos os brasileiros fizessem três refeições por dia até o final de seu mandato de quatro anos – era essencial para garantir a prioridade política e o foco sobre a necessidade de uma ação rápida e de longo alcance. Entretanto, esse fato criou expectativas de que o problema de insegurança alimentar, que possui profundas raízes históricas, poderia ser resolvido de um dia para o outro.”
    • Fome Zero: a experiência brasileira (Série NEAD Especial 12) · Ministry of Agrarian Development (MDA) / NEAD Government communication
      Where: PDF p. 147. Accessed October 13, 2026.
      “Elas tornaram-se ainda mais complexas pela ausência de um marco legal e de procedimentos para implementar as ações.”
    • Fome Zero: a experiência brasileira (Série NEAD Especial 12) · Ministry of Agrarian Development (MDA) / NEAD Government communication
      Where: PDF p. 147. Accessed October 13, 2026.
      “Porém, o muito que foi realizado em tão pouco tempo foi considerado insuficiente, em relação às expectativas da população e às consequentes reclamações e críticas da mídia.”

  34. 34. In a chapter of the official MDS publication (2010), which notes that the opinions are the authors' own, Frei Betto, who in 2003 and 2004 was special adviser to President Lula for the Social Mobilization of the Fome Zero Program, states that not even the Fome Zero Management Committees survived their first year of life, in 2003; that, when Lula signed Law No. 10,836, 'The death of Fome Zero had been decreed', because 'An emancipatory program, Fome Zero, was replaced by a compensatory one, Bolsa Família'; and he considers Bolsa Família positive, although limited compared with the Fome Zero proposal.

    • Fome Zero: Uma História Brasileira, v. 1 (org. Adriana Veiga Aranha) · Ministry of Social Development and Fight against Hunger (MDS), Fome Zero Advisory Office Government communication
      Where: PDF p. 6 (cataloging record, caveat). Accessed October 13, 2026.
      “As opiniões emitidas nesta publicação são de exclusiva e de inteira responsabilidade dos autores, não exprimindo, necessariamente, o ponto de vista do Ministério do Desenvolvimento Social e Combate à Fome”
    • Fome Zero: Uma História Brasileira, v. 1 (org. Adriana Veiga Aranha) · Ministry of Social Development and Fight against Hunger (MDS), Fome Zero Advisory Office Government communication
      Where: PDF p. 138. Accessed October 13, 2026.
      “Nem os Comitês Gestores do Fome Zero – a mais revolucionária iniciativa do governo Lula em matéria de mobilização social – sobreviveram ao primeiro ano de vida, em 2003.”
    • Fome Zero: Uma História Brasileira, v. 1 (org. Adriana Veiga Aranha) · Ministry of Social Development and Fight against Hunger (MDS), Fome Zero Advisory Office Government communication
      Where: PDF p. 139. Accessed October 13, 2026.
      “A 9 de janeiro de 2004, Lula assinou a Lei nº 10.836, criando o programa Bolsa Família. Estava decretada a morte do Fome Zero.”
    • Fome Zero: Uma História Brasileira, v. 1 (org. Adriana Veiga Aranha) · Ministry of Social Development and Fight against Hunger (MDS), Fome Zero Advisory Office Government communication
      Where: PDF p. 139. Accessed October 13, 2026.
      “Suprimiu-se um programa de caráter emancipatório, o Fome Zero, por outro de caráter compensatório, o Bolsa Família.”
    • Fome Zero: Uma História Brasileira, v. 1 (org. Adriana Veiga Aranha) · Ministry of Social Development and Fight against Hunger (MDS), Fome Zero Advisory Office Government communication
      Where: PDF p. 139. Accessed October 13, 2026.
      “E considero o Bolsa Família positivo, embora limitado frente à proposta do Fome Zero, que incluía a reforma agrária e mudanças estruturais.”
    • Fome Zero: Uma História Brasileira, v. 1 (org. Adriana Veiga Aranha) · Ministry of Social Development and Fight against Hunger (MDS), Fome Zero Advisory Office Government communication
      Where: PDF p. 139 (author's presentation). Accessed October 13, 2026.
      “nos anos de 2003 e 2004 foi assessor especial do presidente Lula para a Mobilização Social do Programa Fome Zero”
    • Fome Zero: Uma História Brasileira, v. 1 (org. Adriana Veiga Aranha) · Ministry of Social Development and Fight against Hunger (MDS), Fome Zero Advisory Office Government communication
      Where: PDF p. 133, chapter opening (title and author). Accessed October 14, 2026.
      “Fome ZeRo: GanHoS e peRDaS Frei Betto”
    • Fome Zero: Uma História Brasileira, v. 1 (org. Adriana Veiga Aranha) · Ministry of Social Development and Fight against Hunger (MDS), Fome Zero Advisory Office Government communication
      Where: PDF p. 139, Author's Presentation. Accessed October 14, 2026.
      “Frei Betto é frade dominicano e escritor, autor de 52 livros editados no Brasil e no exterior.”

  35. 35. An article by Carla Guerra Tomazini and Cristiane Kerches da Silva Leite (Revista de Sociologia e Política, 2016) examines the progressive abandonment of the Fome Zero Program as the federal government's main strategic line between 2003 and 2004 and raises as hypotheses for the crisis: prior institutional arrangements, a clash between paradigms, loss of influence of the 'food security' coalition, and programmatic complexity.

  36. 36. A news item on the Workers' Party (PT) website says that the Brasil Sem Fome Plan was inspired by Fome Zero and Brasil Sem Miséria, from the previous PT governments. It is a party position, not an official source.

    • Lula institui plano para tirar novamente o Brasil do Mapa da Fome · Workers' Party (pt.org.br) Party source
      Where: body of the news item, paragraph 2. Accessed October 13, 2026.
      “Inspirado no Fome Zero e no Brasil Sem Miséria, dos governos petistas anteriores, o Plano Brasil Sem Fome apresenta um novo paradigma para combater o problema no país, com alimentação adequada e saudável”

  37. 37. In a speech at the FAO High-Level Conference, in Rome, on June 3, 2008, Lula declared that he had launched Fome Zero in 2003 and credited it with millions of Brazilians coming to eat three meals a day. It is a statement, not a measurement of results.

    • Discursos Selecionados do Presidente Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva · Alexandre de Gusmão Foundation (FUNAG) / Ministry of Foreign Affairs Official record
      Where: PDF p. 71 (title of the speech). Accessed October 13, 2026.
      “Discurso na Reunião de Alto Nível da FAO sobre Segurança Alimentar, Mudanças Climáticas e Bioenergia”
    • Discursos Selecionados do Presidente Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva · Alexandre de Gusmão Foundation (FUNAG) / Ministry of Foreign Affairs Official record
      Where: PDF p. 71 (place and date). Accessed October 13, 2026.
      “Roma, Itália. 03 de junho de 2008”
    • Discursos Selecionados do Presidente Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva · Alexandre de Gusmão Foundation (FUNAG) / Ministry of Foreign Affairs Official record
      Where: PDF p. 71, paragraph 2. Accessed October 13, 2026.
      “Em 2003, lancei um programa pioneiro, o Fome Zero, que permitiu que milhões de brasileiros, antes submetidos à condição de miseráveis, tenham passado a comer três refeições por dia.”

  38. 38. The chapter 'Fome Zero: lições principais' of the MDA book is identified as a FAO working document presented in a videoconference on August 14, 2006. The English edition has a cover with 'Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO)', but the title page and the copyright indicate Ministry of Agrarian Development, Brasília, 2011, NEAD Special Series 13.

  39. 39. In the chapter 'Fome Zero: Ganhos e Perdas' by Frei Betto, in the MDS publication Fome Zero: Uma História Brasileira, the author states that only in August 2002 did the food security program come to be known by the Fome Zero brand, and that it was prepared at the Instituto Cidadania by a team coordinated by José Graziano da Silva, the first to head the Ministry of Food Security and the Fight against Hunger.

    • Fome Zero: Uma História Brasileira, v. 1 (org. Adriana Veiga Aranha) · Ministry of Social Development and Fight against Hunger (MDS), Fome Zero Advisory Office Government communication
      Where: PDF p. 133 (ch. 'Fome Zero: Ganhos e Perdas', Frei Betto). Accessed October 13, 2026.
      “Só em agosto de 2002 ele passou a ser conhecido pela marca Fome Zero.”
    • Fome Zero: Uma História Brasileira, v. 1 (org. Adriana Veiga Aranha) · Ministry of Social Development and Fight against Hunger (MDS), Fome Zero Advisory Office Government communication
      Where: PDF p. 133. Accessed October 13, 2026.
      “Elaborado no Instituto Cidadania por uma equipe coordenada por José Graziano da Silva, o primeiro a ocupar o Ministério de Segurança Alimentar e Combate à Fome, o Fome Zero tornou-se prioridade do governo Lula,”
    • Fome Zero: Uma História Brasileira, v. 1 (org. Adriana Veiga Aranha) · Ministry of Social Development and Fight against Hunger (MDS), Fome Zero Advisory Office Government communication
      Where: table of contents (PDF p. 7). Accessed October 14, 2026.
      “Fome Zero: Ganhos e Perdas Frei Betto”

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