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Institutional reform · MPI

Ministry of Indigenous Peoples

Problem
Federal indigenous policy conducted by Funai, created with authorization from Law No. 5,371/1967 and defined in 2009 as a foundation linked to the Ministry of Justice, with the demarcation of lands regulated by Decree No. 1,775/1996. In 2019, MP No. 870 assigned to the Ministry of Agriculture the authority over the identification, delimitation and demarcation of Indigenous lands.
Who it serves
Indigenous peoples, including isolated and recently contacted peoples. The National Council of Indigenous Policy, created in 2015 in the Ministry of Justice and reestablished in the ministry in 2023, has parity between the federal Executive and Indigenous peoples and organizations.
How it works
Ministry created by MP No. 1,154/2023, approved by the Chamber of Deputies and the Federal Senate and converted into Law No. 14,600/2023, with jurisdiction over indigenous policy, the rights of Indigenous peoples, the defense, exclusive usufruct and management of Indigenous lands, bem viver (good living), isolated peoples and treaties such as ILO Convention No. 169; the recognition and demarcation of lands, which were in the MP, are not among the competences set in the law. Funai came to be called the National Foundation of Indigenous Peoples. Under Decree No. 1,775/1996, demarcation is carried out on the initiative of the indigenist agency, declared by ordinance of the Minister of Justice and ratified by decree.

Human rightsSocial participation and public administration

Relation to the Lula governments

Created under Lula · Third term (since 2023) · since January 2023

Provisional Measure No. 1,154 of January 1, 2023, which established the basic organization of the bodies of the Presidency of the Republic and of the ministries, included the Ministry of Indigenous Peoples among the ministries and determined: "The following are created": the Secretariat of Social Communication, the Ministry of Racial Equality and the Ministry of Indigenous Peoples.[1]

In the original text of MP No. 1,154/2023, the Ministry of Indigenous Peoples' areas of competence were indigenous policy; recognition, guarantee and promotion of the rights of Indigenous peoples; recognition, demarcation, defense, exclusive usufruct and management of Indigenous lands and territories; bem viver (good living) of Indigenous peoples; protection of isolated and recently contacted peoples; and international agreements and treaties, especially ILO Convention No. 169.[2]

Decree No. 11,355 of January 1, 2023, approved the Regimental Structure and the Table of Commissioned Positions and Trust Functions of the Ministry of Indigenous Peoples, with positions reassigned from the Management Secretariat of the Ministry of Management and Innovation in Public Services, and took effect on January 24, 2023.[3]

MP No. 1,154/2023 was converted into Law No. 14,600 of June 19, 2023, signed into law with a partial veto (veto message published with the law).[4]

Under Law No. 14,600/2023, the Ministry of Indigenous Peoples' areas of competence are indigenous policy; recognition, guarantee and promotion of the rights of Indigenous peoples; defense, exclusive usufruct and management of Indigenous lands and territories; bem viver (good living) of Indigenous peoples; protection of isolated and recently contacted peoples; and international agreements and treaties related to Indigenous peoples, especially ILO Convention No. 169.[5]

Reshaped under Lula · Third term (since 2023) · since January 2023

Art. 58 of MP No. 1,154/2023, retained in art. 58 of Law No. 14,600/2023, determined that the National Indian Foundation (Funai), a federal agency (autarquia) created by Law No. 5,371/1967, would come to be called the National Foundation of Indigenous Peoples (Funai).[6]

Decree No. 11,509 of April 28, 2023, established the National Council on Indigenous Policy within the Ministry of Indigenous Peoples, a collegiate body of advisory character, and revoked Decree No. 8,593/2015.[7]

The 2023 CNPI is made up of sixty-four full members: thirty representatives of the federal Executive Branch (twenty-seven with a vote), thirty representatives of Indigenous peoples and organizations (twenty-seven with a vote) and four representatives of indigenist entities without a vote, with parity between the federal Executive and Indigenous peoples and organizations.[8]

Decree No. 12,373 of January 31, 2025, regulated the exercise of Funai's police power in Indigenous lands and in areas subject to a use restriction ordinance, based, among other norms, on Law No. 5,371/1967 and Law No. 14,701/2023.[9]

Shared implementation · Third term (since 2023) · since January 2023

Decree No. 11,504 of April 28, 2023, ratified the administrative demarcation carried out by Funai of the Arara do Rio Amônia Indigenous land, in the Municipality of Marechal Thaumaturgo, State of Acre, intended for the permanent possession of the Arara Indigenous group, with an area of twenty thousand five hundred thirty-four hectares, twenty-two ares and five centiares.[10]

Decree No. 11,689 of September 5, 2023, ratified the administrative demarcation carried out by Funai of the Acapuri de Cima Indigenous land, in the Municipality of Fonte Boa, State of Amazonas, intended for the permanent possession of the Kokama Indigenous group, with an area of eighteen thousand three hundred ninety-three hectares, ninety-four ares and eleven centiares.[11]

Decree No. 12,001 of April 18, 2024, ratified the administrative demarcation carried out by Funai of the Cacique Fontoura Indigenous land, in the Municipalities of Luciara and São Félix do Araguaia, State of Mato Grosso, intended for the permanent possession of the Karajá Indigenous group, with an area of thirty-two thousand three hundred four hectares, seventy-two ares and twenty-six centiares.[12]

Decree No. 12,720 of November 17, 2025, ratified the administrative demarcation carried out by Funai of the Kaxuyana-Tunayana Indigenous land, in the Municipalities of Faro and Oriximiná, State of Pará, and Nhamundá, State of Amazonas, with an area of two million one hundred eighty-two thousand nine hundred ten hectares, seventy-one ares and ninety-seven centiares.[13]

Decree No. 11,384 of January 20, 2023, established the National Coordination Committee to Address the Lack of Health Care for Populations in the Yanomami Territory, coordinated by the Casa Civil (Chief of Staff's Office) and made up, among others, of the Ministry of Indigenous Peoples, with a period of forty-five days to present a plan of structural actions and a duration of ninety days.[14]

Decree No. 11,405 of January 30, 2023, authorized the Ministers of Defense, Health, Social Development and Indigenous Peoples to requisition goods, personnel and services to address the Public Health Emergency of National Importance resulting from the lack of care for the Yanomami population and to combat illegal mining.[15]

In 2023, Decree No. 11,510 of April 28 established the Interministerial Committee for the Coordination, Planning and Monitoring of Actions to Remove Intruders from Indigenous Lands, and Decree No. 11,702 of September 12 established the Interministerial Committee for the Removal of Intruders from Indigenous Lands within the Ministry of Indigenous Peoples, coordinated by it.[16]

Origin and precursors

Origin milestone: founding legal act, Third term (since 2023).

Provisional Measure No. 1,154 of January 1, 2023, which established the basic organization of the bodies of the Presidency of the Republic and of the ministries, included the Ministry of Indigenous Peoples among the ministries and determined: "The following are created": the Secretariat of Social Communication, the Ministry of Racial Equality and the Ministry of Indigenous Peoples.[1]

Precursors

  • National Indian Foundation (Law No. 5,371/1967), renamed National Foundation of Indigenous Peoples in 2023 and linked to the MPI earlier technical basis Law No. 5,371 of December 5, 1967, authorized the Federal Government to establish the National Indian Foundation, with the purpose, among others, of setting the guidelines and ensuring compliance with indigenous policy, including guaranteeing permanent possession of the lands the Indians inhabit.[17]
  • Administrative procedure for the demarcation of Indigenous lands (Decree No. 1,775/1996) earlier legal basis Under Decree No. 1,775 of January 8, 1996, Indigenous lands are administratively demarcated on the initiative and under the guidance of the federal agency for Indian assistance, based on an anthropological identification study, and the Indigenous group involved takes part in the procedure in all its phases.[18]
  • National Commission on Indigenous Policy in the Ministry of Justice (Decree of March 22, 2006) similar initiative, no succession stated by the source The Decree of March 22, 2006 established, within the Ministry of Justice, the National Commission on Indigenous Policy (CNPI), with authority to, among other things, draft a bill to create the National Council on Indigenous Policy and to collaborate in organizing the 1st National Conference on Indigenous Policy.[19]
  • National Council on Indigenous Policy in the Ministry of Justice (Decree No. 8,593/2015), revoked and replaced by the CNPI in the MPI (Decree No. 11,509/2023) replaced Decree No. 8,593 of December 17, 2015, created within the Ministry of Justice the National Council on Indigenous Policy (CNPI), a collegiate body of advisory character, and revoked the Decree of March 22, 2006, which had established the National Commission on Indigenous Policy.[20]

Precursor investigation: new structure established (October 14, 2026).

Scope: Decree No. 8,072/1910 (SPI) and Law No. 5,371/1967 (Funai) at the Chamber of Deputies; Decree No. 7,056/2009 (Funai Statute); Decree No. 1,775/1996; Decree of March 22, 2006 (National Commission on Indigenous Policy), Decree of November 19, 2015 (1st Conference) and Decree No. 8,593/2015 (Council); MP No. 870/2019 and Law No. 13,844/2019; MP No. 1,154/2023 (Planalto copy on the Internet Archive), arts. 17, 42, 51 to 53 and 58; Law No. 14,600/2023, arts. 35, 42 and 58; progress of MPV 1154/2023 at the Chamber of Deputies; Decrees No. 11,355/2023, 11,509/2023 and 12,581/2025.

Responsibilities

  • Ministry of Indigenous Peoples federal management

    Under Law No. 14,600/2023, the Ministry of Indigenous Peoples' areas of competence are indigenous policy; recognition, guarantee and promotion of the rights of Indigenous peoples; defense, exclusive usufruct and management of Indigenous lands and territories; bem viver (good living) of Indigenous peoples; protection of isolated and recently contacted peoples; and international agreements and treaties related to Indigenous peoples, especially ILO Convention No. 169.[5]

  • Presidency of the Republic (approval of the demarcation by decree) federal management

    Under Decree No. 1,775/1996, the demarcation of Indigenous lands is ratified by decree, and within thirty days after publication of the ratification decree the indigenist agency has the land registered at the real estate registry office and at the Union Property Secretariat.[21]

  • Casa Civil (Chief of Staff's Office) of the Presidency of the Republic (coordination of the Yanomami emergency committee) partnership

    Decree No. 11,384 of January 20, 2023, established the National Coordination Committee to Address the Lack of Health Care for Populations in the Yanomami Territory, coordinated by the Casa Civil (Chief of Staff's Office) and made up, among others, of the Ministry of Indigenous Peoples, with a period of forty-five days to present a plan of structural actions and a duration of ninety days.[14]

  • Supreme Federal Court (STF) (RE 1,017,365; ADC 87 and ADIs 7582, 7583 and 7586) oversight

    According to an STF news item of December 22, 2025, the Plenary, in a virtual session that ended the previous Friday (the 19th), held unconstitutional the part of Law No. 14,701/2023 that establishes the marco temporal (time-frame thesis) for the demarcation of Indigenous lands, in the judgment of ADC 87 and ADIs 7582, 7583 and 7586, with Justice Gilmar Mendes as rapporteur, with Justice André Mendonça dissenting on this point.[22]

  • Federal Court of Accounts (TCU) oversight

    In Ruling 2,467/2023 - Plenary, on an audit that examined the Indigenous health structure in the period from 2018 to 2022, the TCU recorded that the advance of illegal mining led to the closing of health posts in the Yanomami territory, leaving five thousand Indigenous people without care, and that the epidemiological indicators of this population are among the worst of the country's 34 DSEI (Special Indigenous Health Districts).[23]

  • National Council on Indigenous Policy (parity between the federal Executive and Indigenous peoples and organizations) social participation

    The 2023 CNPI is made up of sixty-four full members: thirty representatives of the federal Executive Branch (twenty-seven with a vote), thirty representatives of Indigenous peoples and organizations (twenty-seven with a vote) and four representatives of indigenist entities without a vote, with parity between the federal Executive and Indigenous peoples and organizations.[8]

  • Indigenous peoples (participation in all phases of demarcation) social participation

    Under Decree No. 1,775 of January 8, 1996, Indigenous lands are administratively demarcated on the initiative and under the guidance of the federal agency for Indian assistance, based on an anthropological identification study, and the Indigenous group involved takes part in the procedure in all its phases.[18]

Timeline

Timeline of Ministry of Indigenous Peoples
DatePhaseWhat happened
December 1967Legal actLaw No. 5,371 authorizes the establishment of the National Indian Foundation, linked to the Ministry of the Interior.[17]
January 1996Legal actDecree No. 1,775 regulates the administrative procedure for the demarcation of Indigenous lands.[18]
March 2006Legal actNational Commission on Indigenous Policy established in the Ministry of Justice.[19]
December 2009Legal actDecree No. 7,056 approves the Statute of Funai, which is linked to the Ministry of Justice.[24]
December 2015Legal actDecree No. 8,593 creates the National Council of Indigenist Policy within the Ministry of Justice; the 1st National Conference on Indigenist Policy is scheduled for December 14 to 17.[20]
January 2019Legal actMP No. 870 assigns the demarcation of Indigenous lands to the Ministry of Agriculture.[25]
January 2023Legal actMP No. 1,154 creates the Ministry of Indigenous Peoples and renames Funai.[1]
January 2023Legal actDecree No. 11,355 approves the regimental structure of the MPI (in force from January 24).[3]
January 2023Legal actDecree No. 11,384 establishes the national committee on the lack of health care in the Yanomami territory.[14]
April 2023Legal actDecree No. 11,509 establishes the National Council of Indigenist Policy within the MPI.[7]
April 2023ImplementationSix decrees ratifying Indigenous lands (Decrees No. 11,503 to 11,508), two of them amending earlier ratifications.[10]
September 2023ImplementationDecrees No. 11,689 (Acapuri de Cima) and No. 11,690 (Rio Gregório, amendment of a 1991 ratification).[11]
October 2023Legal actLaw No. 14,701 is enacted with a partial veto of the marco temporal (time-frame thesis) (Message No. 536).[26]
April 2024ImplementationDecrees No. 12,000 (Aldeia Velha) and No. 12,001 (Cacique Fontoura).[12]
December 2024ImplementationDecrees No. 12,288 (Potiguara de Monte-Mor), 12,289 (Toldo Imbu) and 12,290 (Morro dos Cavalos).[27]
January 2025Legal actDecree No. 12,373 regulates the police power of Funai.[9]
August 2025ImplementationDecrees No. 12,582 (Pitaguary), 12,583 (Lagoa Encantada) and 12,584 (Tremembé de Queimadas).[28]
November 2025ImplementationDecrees No. 12,720 (Kaxuyana-Tunayana), 12,721 (Uirapuru), 12,722 (Estação Parecis) and 12,723 (Manoki, amendment of a 1990 decree).[13]

How it works

In the procedure of Decree No. 1,775/1996, after the period for contestation, the indigenist agency sends the case to the Minister of State for Justice, who may declare by ordinance the boundaries of the Indigenous land and order its demarcation, prescribe further steps, or disapprove the identification.[29]

Governance

The 2006 National Commission on Indigenous Policy was chaired by a Funai representative and included twenty Indigenous representatives with voice and ten votes, distributed by geographic area (nine from the Amazon, six from the Northeast and East, three from the South and Southeast and two from the Center-West), plus two representatives of indigenist non-governmental organizations.[30]

According to the institutional page of the Ministry of Indigenous Peoples, its composition includes, besides the Minister and the direct support bodies, the National Secretariat of Indigenous Territorial Rights, the National Secretariat of Indigenous Environmental and Territorial Management and the National Secretariat of Articulation and Promotion of Indigenous Rights.[31]

Changes

The Chamber of Deputies approved MP No. 1,154/2023 in the form of the Conversion Bill by 337 votes to 125, with 1 abstention, subject to the highlighted amendments, and the Federal Senate approved it on June 1, 2023.[32]

Among the reasons for the veto, Message No. 536/2023 stated that the marco temporal (time-frame thesis) had already been rejected by the Supreme Federal Court (STF) in a decision of September 27, 2023, which established a general repercussion thesis in Extraordinary Appeal No. 1017365.[33]

PL No. 490/2007 was transformed into Law No. 14,701/2023, published in the Official Gazette (DOU) on October 20, 2023 with a partial veto (MSC 536/23); the original publication of the law shows art. 4, main provision and §§ 1 to 4, as vetoed.[34]

With the promulgation of the vetoed parts, art. 4 of Law No. 14,701/2023 came to define as traditionally occupied lands those that, on the date of promulgation of the Federal Constitution, were simultaneously inhabited on a permanent basis, used for productive activities, indispensable to environmental preservation and necessary for physical and cultural reproduction, and § 2 established that the community's absence on October 5, 1988 rules out the classification, except in cases of proven persistent dispossession (renitente esbulho).[35]

Implementation

Decree No. 11,505 of April 28, 2023, ratified the administrative demarcation carried out by Funai of the Rio dos Índios Indigenous land, in the Municipality of Vicente Dutra, State of Rio Grande do Sul, intended for the permanent possession of the Kaingang Indigenous group, with an area of seven hundred eleven hectares, seventy ares and eighteen centiares.[36]

Decree No. 11,506 of April 28, 2023, ratified the administrative demarcation carried out by Funai of the Tremembé da Barra do Mundaú Indigenous land, in the Municipality of Itapipoca, State of Ceará, intended for the permanent possession of the Tremembé Indigenous group, with an area of three thousand five hundred eleven hectares, forty ares and eighty-two centiares.[37]

Decree No. 11,507 of April 28, 2023, ratified the administrative demarcation carried out by Funai of the Avá-Canoeiro Indigenous land, in the Municipalities of Minaçu and Colinas do Sul, State of Goiás, intended for the permanent possession of the Avá-Canoeiro Indigenous group, with an area of thirty-one thousand four hundred twenty-seven hectares, twenty-nine ares and twenty-eight centiares.[38]

Decree No. 11,503 of April 28, 2023, amended the Decree of December 11, 1998, which ratifies the demarcation of the Uneiuxi Indigenous land, and came to ratify the demarcation carried out by Funai of this land in the Municipalities of Santa Isabel do Rio Negro and Japurá, State of Amazonas, intended for the permanent possession of the Maku Nadëb Indigenous group, with an area of five hundred fifty-one thousand nine hundred eighty-three hectares, eighty ares and fifty centiares.[39]

Decree No. 11,508 of April 28, 2023, amended the Decree of October 4, 1993, which ratifies the demarcation of the Kariri-Xocó Indigenous area, and came to ratify the demarcation of the Kariri-Xocó Indigenous land in the Municipalities of Porto Real do Colégio and São Braz, State of Alagoas, intended for the permanent possession of the Kariri-Xocó Indigenous group, with an area of four thousand six hundred ninety-four hectares, eighty-eight ares and twenty-three centiares.[40]

Decree No. 11,690 of September 5, 2023, amended Decree No. 281 of October 29, 1991, and came to ratify the demarcation carried out by Funai of the Rio Gregório Indigenous land, in the Municipality of Tarauacá, State of Acre, intended for the permanent possession of the Katukina and Yawanawá Indigenous groups, with an area of one hundred eighty-seven thousand one hundred twenty-five hectares, twenty-one ares and fifty-eight centiares.[41]

Decree No. 12,000 of April 18, 2024, ratified the administrative demarcation carried out by Funai of the Aldeia Velha Indigenous land, in the Municipality of Porto Seguro, State of Bahia, intended for the permanent possession of the Pataxó Indigenous group, with an area of one thousand nine hundred ninety-seven hectares, fifty-five ares and twenty-six centiares.[42]

Decree No. 12,288 of December 4, 2024, ratified the administrative demarcation carried out by Funai of the Potiguara de Monte-Mor Indigenous land, in the Municipalities of Rio Tinto and Marcação, State of Paraíba, intended for the permanent possession of the Potiguara Indigenous group, with an area of seven thousand five hundred thirty hectares, fifty-nine ares and sixty-nine centiares.[43]

Decree No. 12,289 of December 4, 2024, ratified the administrative demarcation carried out by Funai of the Toldo Imbu Indigenous land, in the Municipality of Abelardo Luz, State of Santa Catarina, intended for the permanent possession of the Kaingang Indigenous group, with an area of one thousand nine hundred sixty hectares, sixty-nine ares and thirty-four centiares.[44]

Decree No. 12,583 of August 6, 2025, ratified the administrative demarcation carried out by Funai of the Lagoa Encantada Indigenous land, in the Municipality of Aquiraz, State of Ceará, intended for the permanent possession of the Jenipapo-Kanindé Indigenous group, with an area of one thousand seven hundred thirty-two hectares, forty-nine ares and fifty-six centiares.[45]

Decree No. 12,584 of August 6, 2025, ratified the administrative demarcation carried out by Funai of the Tremembé de Queimadas Indigenous land, in the Municipality of Acaraú, State of Ceará, intended for the permanent possession of the Tremembé Indigenous group, with an area of seven hundred seventy-five hectares, thirty-five ares and seventy-six centiares, in two areas.[46]

Decree No. 12,722 of November 17, 2025, ratified the administrative demarcation carried out by Funai of the Estação Parecis Indigenous land, in the Municipality of Diamantino, State of Mato Grosso, intended for the permanent possession of the Parecis Indigenous people, with an area of two thousand one hundred seventy hectares, twenty-seven ares and sixty-seven centiares.[47]

Decree No. 12,723 of November 17, 2025, amended Decree No. 98,827 of January 15, 1990, and came to ratify the demarcation carried out by Funai of the Manoki Indigenous land, in the Municipality of Brasnorte, State of Mato Grosso, intended for the permanent possession of the Irantxe-Manoki Indigenous people, with an area of two hundred fifty thousand five hundred thirty-nine hectares, eighty-two ares and ninety-three centiares.[48]

Budget and spending

Figures are nominal unless stated otherwise. Announced, authorized, committed, liquidated and paid amounts are different things and appear with the type indicated. In SIOP lines, "paid" means paid within the same fiscal year (arrears settled later are not counted), and one budget action can fund more than one program: the text says when the action is only part of a program.

According to the TCU (Ruling 1228/2023 - Plenary, session of June 14, 2023), Provisional Measure No. 1,168/2023 opened extraordinary credit of R$640 million, received by the Ministries of Defense, Justice and Public Security, Development and Social Assistance, Environment and Indigenous Peoples; in data collected through May 29, 31.3% of the total (R$200.5 million) had been committed and 7.5% (R$48 million) paid.[49]

For budget unit 30202 (National Indian Foundation), SIOP records, in nominal values, authorized (law plus credits) and paid in the fiscal year of R$658,532,429 and R$503,691,581 in 2019; R$662,507,004 and R$555,176,633 in 2020; R$691,405,406 and R$557,056,704 in 2021; and R$608,540,507 and R$518,676,687 in 2022.[50]

For Funai (budget unit 84201 from 2023), SIOP records, in nominal values, authorized (law plus credits) and paid in the fiscal year of R$813,100,975 and R$577,541,164 in 2023; R$1,085,839,595 and R$728,445,070 in 2024; and R$1,001,608,973 and R$700,181,003 in 2025.[51]

For budget unit 84101 (Ministry of Indigenous Peoples, Direct Administration), SIOP records, in nominal values, authorized (law plus credits) and paid in the fiscal year of R$307,225,013 and R$145,135,434 in 2024, and of R$157,878,139 and R$125,960,796 in 2025.[52]

For action 20UF (through 2023, Regularization, Demarcation and Oversight of Indigenous Lands and Protection of Isolated Indigenous Peoples; from 2024, Land Regularization, Protection and Management of Indigenous Territories), SIOP records paid in the fiscal year, in nominal values, of R$23,123,309 (2019), R$20,972,409 (2020), R$32,778,255 (2021), R$37,881,602 (2022), R$77,042,340 (2023), R$156,870,379 (2024) and R$55,508,756 (2025); the authorized amount was R$215,328,966 in 2023, R$363,347,927 in 2024 and R$121,327,678 in 2025.[53]

Context

The 1st National Conference on Indigenous Policy, convened by the Decree of July 24, 2014, was set for December 14 to 17, 2015, in Brasília, by the Decree of November 19, 2015, with the theme "The relationship of the Brazilian State with the Indigenous Peoples in Brazil under the paradigm of the 1988 Constitution."[54]

Decree No. 9,356 of April 26, 2018, ratified the administrative demarcation carried out by Funai of the Baía dos Guató Indigenous land, in the Municipality of Barão de Melgaço, State of Mato Grosso, with an area of nineteen thousand two hundred sixteen hectares, ninety-six ares and six centiares.[55]

Bill (PL) No. 490/2007, introduced in the Chamber of Deputies on March 20, 2007 by Deputy Homero Pereira (PR-MT) to amend Law No. 6,001/1973 (Indian Statute), was given a new summary to regulate art. 231 of the Constitution and provide for the recognition, demarcation, use and management of Indigenous lands.[56]

On May 30, 2023, the Plenary of the Chamber of Deputies approved the Global Substitute Sub-amendment to PL No. 490/2007, by 283 votes to 155, with 1 abstention, and upheld the text of art. 4 in a vote on a highlighted amendment (288 to 148).[57]

In the same judgment, according to the STF, the rapporteur recognized an unconstitutional omission and delay in the demarcation of Indigenous lands, because the ADCT (Transitional Constitutional Provisions Act) provided five years to conclude the proceedings, and the majority followed the proposal of a ten-year period for the Union to conclude the pending demarcations, under penalty of monthly compensation to the community harmed by the delay.[58]

Sources and evidence

Excerpts are quoted in the original language of the source.

  1. 1. Provisional Measure No. 1,154 of January 1, 2023, which established the basic organization of the bodies of the Presidency of the Republic and of the ministries, included the Ministry of Indigenous Peoples among the ministries and determined: "The following are created": the Secretariat of Social Communication, the Ministry of Racial Equality and the Ministry of Indigenous Peoples.

  2. 2. In the original text of MP No. 1,154/2023, the Ministry of Indigenous Peoples' areas of competence were indigenous policy; recognition, guarantee and promotion of the rights of Indigenous peoples; recognition, demarcation, defense, exclusive usufruct and management of Indigenous lands and territories; bem viver (good living) of Indigenous peoples; protection of isolated and recently contacted peoples; and international agreements and treaties, especially ILO Convention No. 169.

    • Medida Provisória nº 1.154, de 1º de janeiro de 2023 (cópia do Planalto no Internet Archive) · Presidency of the Republic Official legal act
      Read from an archived copy (Internet Archive (Wayback Machine), captured January 12, 2025); original address: www.planalto.gov.br. The archive preserves the copy; the author is Presidency of the Republic.
      Where: art. 42, main provision and items I to III. Accessed October 14, 2026.
      “Art. 42. Constituem áreas de competência do Ministério dos Povos Indígenas: I - política indigenista; II - reconhecimento, garantia e promoção dos direitos dos povos indígenas; III - reconhecimento, demarcação, defesa, usufruto exclusivo e gestão das terras e dos territórios indígenas;”
    • Medida Provisória nº 1.154, de 1º de janeiro de 2023 (cópia do Planalto no Internet Archive) · Presidency of the Republic Official legal act
      Read from an archived copy (Internet Archive (Wayback Machine), captured January 12, 2025); original address: www.planalto.gov.br. The archive preserves the copy; the author is Presidency of the Republic.
      Where: art. 42, items IV to VI. Accessed October 14, 2026.
      “IV - bem viver dos povos indígenas; V - proteção dos povos indígenas isolados e de recente contato; e VI - acordos e tratados internacionais, em especial a Convenção nº 169 da Organização Internacional do Trabalho - OIT, quando relacionados aos povos indígenas.”

  3. 3. Decree No. 11,355 of January 1, 2023, approved the Regimental Structure and the Table of Commissioned Positions and Trust Functions of the Ministry of Indigenous Peoples, with positions reassigned from the Management Secretariat of the Ministry of Management and Innovation in Public Services, and took effect on January 24, 2023.

  4. 4. MP No. 1,154/2023 was converted into Law No. 14,600 of June 19, 2023, signed into law with a partial veto (veto message published with the law).

  5. 5. Under Law No. 14,600/2023, the Ministry of Indigenous Peoples' areas of competence are indigenous policy; recognition, guarantee and promotion of the rights of Indigenous peoples; defense, exclusive usufruct and management of Indigenous lands and territories; bem viver (good living) of Indigenous peoples; protection of isolated and recently contacted peoples; and international agreements and treaties related to Indigenous peoples, especially ILO Convention No. 169.

    • Lei nº 14.600, de 19 de junho de 2023 (cópia do Planalto no Internet Archive) · Presidency of the Republic Official legal act
      Read from an archived copy (Internet Archive (Wayback Machine), captured December 27, 2024); original address: www.planalto.gov.br. The archive preserves the copy; the author is Presidency of the Republic.
      Where: art. 42, main provision and items I to III. Accessed October 14, 2026.
      “Art. 42. Constituem áreas de competência do Ministério dos Povos Indígenas: I - política indigenista; II - reconhecimento, garantia e promoção dos direitos dos povos indígenas; III - defesa, usufruto exclusivo e gestão das terras e dos territórios indígenas;”
    • Lei nº 14.600, de 19 de junho de 2023 (cópia do Planalto no Internet Archive) · Presidency of the Republic Official legal act
      Read from an archived copy (Internet Archive (Wayback Machine), captured December 27, 2024); original address: www.planalto.gov.br. The archive preserves the copy; the author is Presidency of the Republic.
      Where: art. 42, items IV to VI. Accessed October 14, 2026.
      “IV - bem viver dos povos indígenas; V - proteção dos povos indígenas isolados e de recente contato; e VI - acordos e tratados internacionais, especialmente a Convenção nº 169 da Organização Internacional do Trabalho (OIT), adotada em 27 de junho de 1989, quando relacionados aos povos indígenas.”

  6. 6. Art. 58 of MP No. 1,154/2023, retained in art. 58 of Law No. 14,600/2023, determined that the National Indian Foundation (Funai), a federal agency (autarquia) created by Law No. 5,371/1967, would come to be called the National Foundation of Indigenous Peoples (Funai).

    • Medida Provisória nº 1.154, de 1º de janeiro de 2023 (cópia do Planalto no Internet Archive) · Presidency of the Republic Official legal act
      Read from an archived copy (Internet Archive (Wayback Machine), captured January 12, 2025); original address: www.planalto.gov.br. The archive preserves the copy; the author is Presidency of the Republic.
      Where: art. 58. Accessed October 14, 2026.
      “Art. 58. A Fundação Nacional do Índio - Funai, autarquia federal criada pela Lei nº 5.371, de 5 de dezembro de 1967, passa a ser denominada Fundação Nacional dos Povos Indígenas - Funai.”
    • Lei nº 14.600, de 19 de junho de 2023 (cópia do Planalto no Internet Archive) · Presidency of the Republic Official legal act
      Read from an archived copy (Internet Archive (Wayback Machine), captured December 27, 2024); original address: www.planalto.gov.br. The archive preserves the copy; the author is Presidency of the Republic.
      Where: art. 58. Accessed October 14, 2026.
      “Art. 58. A Fundação Nacional do Índio (Funai), autarquia federal criada pela Lei nº 5.371, de 5 de dezembro de 1967, passa a ser denominada Fundação Nacional dos Povos Indígenas (Funai).”

  7. 7. Decree No. 11,509 of April 28, 2023, established the National Council on Indigenous Policy within the Ministry of Indigenous Peoples, a collegiate body of advisory character, and revoked Decree No. 8,593/2015.

    • Decreto nº 11.509, de 28 de abril de 2023 (publicação original) · Chamber of Deputies Official legal act
      Where: art. 1. Accessed October 14, 2026.
      “Art. 1º Fica instituído o Conselho Nacional de Política Indigenista - CNPI, no âmbito do Ministério dos Povos Indígenas, colegiado de caráter consultivo, responsável pela elaboração e pelo acompanhamento da implementação de políticas públicas destinadas aos povos indígenas.”
    • Decreto nº 11.509, de 28 de abril de 2023 (publicação original) · Chamber of Deputies Official legal act
      Where: art. 21. Accessed October 14, 2026.
      “Art. 21. Fica revogado o Decreto nº 8.593, de 17 de dezembro de 2015.”

  8. 8. The 2023 CNPI is made up of sixty-four full members: thirty representatives of the federal Executive Branch (twenty-seven with a vote), thirty representatives of Indigenous peoples and organizations (twenty-seven with a vote) and four representatives of indigenist entities without a vote, with parity between the federal Executive and Indigenous peoples and organizations.

    • Decreto nº 11.509, de 28 de abril de 2023 (publicação original) · Chamber of Deputies Official legal act
      Where: art. 3, caput and item I. Accessed October 14, 2026.
      “Art. 3º O Conselho Nacional de Política Indigenista é composto por sessenta e quatro membros titulares, que serão organizados da seguinte forma: I - trinta representantes do Poder Executivo federal, dos quais vinte e sete com direito a voto;”
    • Decreto nº 11.509, de 28 de abril de 2023 (publicação original) · Chamber of Deputies Official legal act
      Where: art. 3, items II and III and sole paragraph. Accessed October 14, 2026.
      “II - trinta representantes dos povos e das organizações indígenas, dos quais vinte e sete com direito a voto; III - quatro representantes de entidades indigenistas sem fins lucrativos, que atuarão como conselheiras, sem direito a voto. Parágrafo único. A composição de que trata o caput observará a paridade entre o Poder Executivo federal e os povos e organizações indígenas.”

  9. 9. Decree No. 12,373 of January 31, 2025, regulated the exercise of Funai's police power in Indigenous lands and in areas subject to a use restriction ordinance, based, among other norms, on Law No. 5,371/1967 and Law No. 14,701/2023.

    • Decreto nº 12.373, de 31 de janeiro de 2025 (publicação) · Federal Senate Official legal act
      Where: preamble and art. 1. Accessed October 14, 2026.
      “na Lei nº 5.371, de 5 de dezembro de 1967, na Lei nº 6.001, de 19 de dezembro de 1973, e na Lei nº 14.701, de 20 de outubro de 2023, DECRETA: Art. 1º Este Decreto regulamenta o exercício do poder de polícia da Fundação Nacional dos Povos Indígenas - Funai nas terras indígenas e nas áreas objeto de portaria de restrição de uso para a proteção dos direitos desses povos.”

  10. 10. Decree No. 11,504 of April 28, 2023, ratified the administrative demarcation carried out by Funai of the Arara do Rio Amônia Indigenous land, in the Municipality of Marechal Thaumaturgo, State of Acre, intended for the permanent possession of the Arara Indigenous group, with an area of twenty thousand five hundred thirty-four hectares, twenty-two ares and five centiares.

    • Decreto nº 11.504, de 28 de abril de 2023 (publicação original) · Chamber of Deputies Official legal act
      Where: art. 1. Accessed October 14, 2026.
      “Fica homologada a demarcação administrativa, promovida pela Fundação Nacional dos Povos Indígenas - Funai, da terra indígena denominada Arara do Rio Amônia, localizada no Município Marechal Thaumaturgo, Estado do Acre, destinada à posse permanente do grupo indígena Arara, com superfície de vinte mil quinhentos e trinta e quatro hectares vinte e dois ares e cinco centiares”

  11. 11. Decree No. 11,689 of September 5, 2023, ratified the administrative demarcation carried out by Funai of the Acapuri de Cima Indigenous land, in the Municipality of Fonte Boa, State of Amazonas, intended for the permanent possession of the Kokama Indigenous group, with an area of eighteen thousand three hundred ninety-three hectares, ninety-four ares and eleven centiares.

    • Decreto nº 11.689, de 5 de setembro de 2023 (publicação original) · Chamber of Deputies Official legal act
      Where: art. 1. Accessed October 14, 2026.
      “Fica homologada a demarcação administrativa, promovida pela Fundação Nacional dos Povos Indígenas - Funai, da terra indígena Acapuri de Cima, localizada no Município de Fonte Boa, Estado do Amazonas, destinada à posse permanente do grupo indígena Kokama, com superfície de dezoito mil trezentos e noventa e três hectares noventa e quatro ares e onze centiares”

  12. 12. Decree No. 12,001 of April 18, 2024, ratified the administrative demarcation carried out by Funai of the Cacique Fontoura Indigenous land, in the Municipalities of Luciara and São Félix do Araguaia, State of Mato Grosso, intended for the permanent possession of the Karajá Indigenous group, with an area of thirty-two thousand three hundred four hectares, seventy-two ares and twenty-six centiares.

    • Decreto nº 12.001, de 18 de abril de 2024 (publicação original) · Chamber of Deputies Official legal act
      Where: art. 1. Accessed October 14, 2026.
      “Fica homologada a demarcação administrativa promovida pela Fundação Nacional dos Povos Indígenas - Funai, da terra indígena Cacique Fontoura, localizada nos Municípios de Luciara e de São Félix do Araguaia, Estado do Mato Grosso, destinada à posse permanente do grupo indígena Karajá, com superfície de trinta e dois mil trezentos e quatro hectares setenta e dois ares e vinte e seis centiares”

  13. 13. Decree No. 12,720 of November 17, 2025, ratified the administrative demarcation carried out by Funai of the Kaxuyana-Tunayana Indigenous land, in the Municipalities of Faro and Oriximiná, State of Pará, and Nhamundá, State of Amazonas, with an area of two million one hundred eighty-two thousand nine hundred ten hectares, seventy-one ares and ninety-seven centiares.

    • Decreto nº 12.720, de 17 de novembro de 2025 (publicação) · Federal Senate Official legal act
      Where: art. 1. Accessed October 14, 2026.
      “Fica homologada a demarcação administrativa promovida pela Fundação Nacional dos Povos Indígenas - Funai, da terra indígena denominada Kaxuyana-Tunayana, localizada nos Municípios de Faro e Oriximiná, Estado do Pará, e Nhamundá, Estado do Amazonas”
    • Decreto nº 12.720, de 17 de novembro de 2025 (publicação) · Federal Senate Official legal act
      Where: art. 1. Accessed October 14, 2026.
      “Isolados, com superfície de dois milhões, cento e oitenta e dois mil, novecentos e dez hectares, setenta e um ares e noventa e sete centiares”

  14. 14. Decree No. 11,384 of January 20, 2023, established the National Coordination Committee to Address the Lack of Health Care for Populations in the Yanomami Territory, coordinated by the Casa Civil (Chief of Staff's Office) and made up, among others, of the Ministry of Indigenous Peoples, with a period of forty-five days to present a plan of structural actions and a duration of ninety days.

    • Decreto nº 11.384, de 20 de janeiro de 2023 (publicação original) · Chamber of Deputies Official legal act
      Where: art. 3, items I and II. Accessed October 14, 2026.
      “I - Casa Civil da Presidência da República, que o coordenará; II - Ministério dos Povos Indígenas;”
    • Decreto nº 11.384, de 20 de janeiro de 2023 (publicação original) · Chamber of Deputies Official legal act
      Where: art. 2, sole paragraph. Accessed October 14, 2026.
      “Parágrafo único. O Comitê de Coordenação Nacional apresentará o plano de ações estruturantes com vistas ao enfrentamento à desassistência sanitária das populações em território Yanomami e aos problemas sociais e de saúde dela decorrentes, no prazo de quarenta e cinco dias, contado da data de publicação deste Decreto.”
    • Decreto nº 11.384, de 20 de janeiro de 2023 (publicação original) · Chamber of Deputies Official legal act
      Where: art. 8. Accessed October 14, 2026.
      “Art. 8º O Comitê de Coordenação Nacional terá duração de noventa dias, contado da data de publicação deste Decreto.”

  15. 15. Decree No. 11,405 of January 30, 2023, authorized the Ministers of Defense, Health, Social Development and Indigenous Peoples to requisition goods, personnel and services to address the Public Health Emergency of National Importance resulting from the lack of care for the Yanomami population and to combat illegal mining.

    • Decreto nº 11.405, de 30 de janeiro de 2023 (publicação original) · Chamber of Deputies Official legal act
      Where: art. 1, caput. Accessed October 14, 2026.
      “Art. 1º Para enfrentamento da Emergência em Saúde Pública de Importância Nacional em decorrência de desassistência à população Yanomami e combate ao garimpo ilegal, ficam os Ministros de Estado da Defesa, da Saúde, Desenvolvimento Social e Assistência Social, Família e Combate à Fome e dos Povos Indígenas autorizados a efetuar as requisições de bens, servidores e serviços necessários:”

  16. 16. In 2023, Decree No. 11,510 of April 28 established the Interministerial Committee for the Coordination, Planning and Monitoring of Actions to Remove Intruders from Indigenous Lands, and Decree No. 11,702 of September 12 established the Interministerial Committee for the Removal of Intruders from Indigenous Lands within the Ministry of Indigenous Peoples, coordinated by it.

  17. 17. Law No. 5,371 of December 5, 1967, authorized the Federal Government to establish the National Indian Foundation, with the purpose, among others, of setting the guidelines and ensuring compliance with indigenous policy, including guaranteeing permanent possession of the lands the Indians inhabit.

    • Lei nº 5.371, de 5 de dezembro de 1967 (publicação original) · Chamber of Deputies Official legal act
      Where: art. 1, caput. Accessed October 14, 2026.
      “Art. 1º Fica o Govêrno Federal autorizado a instituir uma fundação, com patrimônio próprio e personalidade jurídica de direito privado, nos têrmos da lei civil, denominada "Fundação Nacional do Índio", com as seguintes finalidades:”
    • Lei nº 5.371, de 5 de dezembro de 1967 (publicação original) · Chamber of Deputies Official legal act
      Where: art. 1, item I. Accessed October 14, 2026.
      “I - estabelecer as diretrizes e garantir o cumprimento da política indigenista, baseada nos princípios a seguir enumerados: a) respeito à pessoa do índio e as instituições e comunidades tribais; b) garantia à posse permanente das terras que habitam”

  18. 18. Under Decree No. 1,775 of January 8, 1996, Indigenous lands are administratively demarcated on the initiative and under the guidance of the federal agency for Indian assistance, based on an anthropological identification study, and the Indigenous group involved takes part in the procedure in all its phases.

    • Decreto nº 1.775, de 8 de janeiro de 1996 (publicação original) · Chamber of Deputies Official legal act
      Where: art. 1. Accessed October 14, 2026.
      “Art. 1º As terras indígenas, de que tratam o art. 17, I, da Lei nº 6001, de 19 de dezembro de 1973, e o art. 231 da Constituição, serão administrativamente demarcadas por iniciativa e sob a orientação do órgão federal de assistência ao índio, de acordo com o disposto neste Decreto.”
    • Decreto nº 1.775, de 8 de janeiro de 1996 (publicação original) · Chamber of Deputies Official legal act
      Where: art. 2, § 3. Accessed October 14, 2026.
      “§ 3º O grupo indígena envolvido, representado segundo suas formas próprias, participará do procedimento em todas as suas fases.”

  19. 19. The Decree of March 22, 2006 established, within the Ministry of Justice, the National Commission on Indigenous Policy (CNPI), with authority to, among other things, draft a bill to create the National Council on Indigenous Policy and to collaborate in organizing the 1st National Conference on Indigenous Policy.

    • Decreto de 22 de março de 2006 (Comissão Nacional de Política Indigenista), publicação original · Chamber of Deputies Official legal act
      Where: summary and arts. 1 and 2, items I and II. Accessed October 14, 2026.
      “Art. 1º Fica instituída, no âmbito do Ministério da Justiça, a Comissão Nacional de Política Indigenista - CNPI. Art. 2º À CNPI compete: I - elaborar anteprojeto de lei para criação do Conselho Nacional de Política Indigenista, que deverá integrar a estrutura do Ministério da Justiça; II - acompanhar e colaborar na organização e realização da 1ª Conferência Nacional de Política Indigenista;”

  20. 20. Decree No. 8,593 of December 17, 2015, created within the Ministry of Justice the National Council on Indigenous Policy (CNPI), a collegiate body of advisory character, and revoked the Decree of March 22, 2006, which had established the National Commission on Indigenous Policy.

    • Decreto nº 8.593, de 17 de dezembro de 2015 (publicação original) · Chamber of Deputies Official legal act
      Where: art. 1. Accessed October 14, 2026.
      “Art. 1º Fica criado, no âmbito do Ministério da Justiça, o Conselho Nacional de Política Indigenista - CNPI, órgão colegiado de caráter consultivo responsável pela elaboração, acompanhamento e implementação de políticas públicas voltadas aos povos indígenas.”
    • Decreto nº 8.593, de 17 de dezembro de 2015 (publicação original) · Chamber of Deputies Official legal act
      Where: art. 21. Accessed October 14, 2026.
      “Art. 21. Fica revogado o Decreto de 22 de março de 2006, que instituiu, no âmbito do Ministério da Justiça, a Comissão Nacional de Política Indigenista.”

  21. 21. Under Decree No. 1,775/1996, the demarcation of Indigenous lands is ratified by decree, and within thirty days after publication of the ratification decree the indigenist agency has the land registered at the real estate registry office and at the Union Property Secretariat.

    • Decreto nº 1.775, de 8 de janeiro de 1996 (publicação original) · Chamber of Deputies Official legal act
      Where: arts. 5 and 6. Accessed October 14, 2026.
      “Art. 5º A demarcação das terras indígenas, obedecido o procedimento administrativo deste Decreto, será homologada mediante decreto. Art. 6º Em até trinta dias após a publicação do decreto de homologação, o órgão federal de assistência ao índio promoverá o respectivo registro em cartório imobiliário da comarca correspondente e na Secretaria do Patrimônio da União do Ministério da Fazenda.”

  22. 22. According to an STF news item of December 22, 2025, the Plenary, in a virtual session that ended the previous Friday (the 19th), held unconstitutional the part of Law No. 14,701/2023 that establishes the marco temporal (time-frame thesis) for the demarcation of Indigenous lands, in the judgment of ADC 87 and ADIs 7582, 7583 and 7586, with Justice Gilmar Mendes as rapporteur, with Justice André Mendonça dissenting on this point.

  23. 23. In Ruling 2,467/2023 - Plenary, on an audit that examined the Indigenous health structure in the period from 2018 to 2022, the TCU recorded that the advance of illegal mining led to the closing of health posts in the Yanomami territory, leaving five thousand Indigenous people without care, and that the epidemiological indicators of this population are among the worst of the country's 34 DSEI (Special Indigenous Health Districts).

  24. 24. Decree No. 7,056 of December 28, 2009, approved the Statute of the National Indian Foundation, which defined it as a public foundation linked to the Ministry of Justice.

  25. 25. Provisional Measure No. 870 of January 1, 2019, assigned to the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Supply authority over Indigenous lands, comprising the identification, delimitation, demarcation and registration of lands traditionally occupied by Indigenous people, and included the rights of the Indian among the competences of the human rights ministry.

    • Medida Provisória nº 870, de 1º de janeiro de 2019 (publicação original) · Chamber of Deputies Official legal act
      Where: competences of the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Supply, item XIV. Accessed October 14, 2026.
      “XIV - reforma agrária, regularização fundiária de áreas rurais, Amazônia Legal, terras indígenas e quilombolas;”
    • Medida Provisória nº 870, de 1º de janeiro de 2019 (publicação original) · Chamber of Deputies Official legal act
      Where: same article, § 2, item I. Accessed October 14, 2026.
      “§ 2º A competência de que trata o inciso XIV do caput, compreende: I - a identificação, a delimitação, a demarcação e os registros das terras tradicionalmente ocupadas por indígenas; e”
    • Medida Provisória nº 870, de 1º de janeiro de 2019 (publicação original) · Chamber of Deputies Official legal act
      Where: competences of the Ministry of Women, Family and Human Rights, item I, subitem i. Accessed October 14, 2026.
      “i) direitos do índio, inclusive no acompanhamento das ações de saúde desenvolvidas em prol das comunidades indígenas, sem prejuízo das competências do Ministério da Agricultura, Pecuária e Abastecimento;”

  26. 26. By Message No. 536 of October 20, 2023, the President of the Republic partially vetoed, as contrary to the public interest and as unconstitutional, Bill No. 2,903 of 2023 (PL No. 490 of 2007 in the Chamber of Deputies), including the main provision, the items and §§ 1 to 4 of art. 4, which defined as traditionally occupied lands those occupied on the date of promulgation of the Constitution; the Ministry of Indigenous Peoples was one of the consulted bodies that spoke in favor of the veto.

    • Mensagem nº 536, de 20 de outubro de 2023 (veto parcial ao Projeto de Lei nº 2.903, de 2023) · Presidency of the Republic (Planalto) Official legal act
      Read from an archived copy (Internet Archive (Wayback Machine), captured October 11, 2026); original address: www.planalto.gov.br. The archive preserves the copy; the author is Presidency of the Republic (Planalto).
      Where: paragraph 1. Accessed October 14, 2026.
      “decidi vetar parcialmente, por contrariedade ao interesse público e por inconstitucionalidade, o Projeto de Lei nº 2.903, de 2023 (Projeto de Lei nº 490, de 2007, na Câmara dos Deputados)”
    • Mensagem nº 536, de 20 de outubro de 2023 (veto parcial ao Projeto de Lei nº 2.903, de 2023) · Presidency of the Republic (Planalto) Official legal act
      Read from an archived copy (Internet Archive (Wayback Machine), captured October 11, 2026); original address: www.planalto.gov.br. The archive preserves the copy; the author is Presidency of the Republic (Planalto).
      Where: first block of vetoes. Accessed October 14, 2026.
      “o Ministério dos Povos Indígenas e a Advocacia-Geral da União manifestaram-se pelo veto aos seguintes dispositivos: Caput, incisos I, II, III e IV do caput e § 1º, § 2º, § 3º e § 4º do art. 4º do Projeto de Lei:”
    • Mensagem nº 536, de 20 de outubro de 2023 (veto parcial ao Projeto de Lei nº 2.903, de 2023) · Presidency of the Republic (Planalto) Official legal act
      Read from an archived copy (Internet Archive (Wayback Machine), captured October 11, 2026); original address: www.planalto.gov.br. The archive preserves the copy; the author is Presidency of the Republic (Planalto).
      Where: vetoed provision (art. 4, main provision). Accessed October 14, 2026.
      ““Art. 4º São terras tradicionalmente ocupadas pelos indígenas brasileiros aquelas que, na data da promulgação da Constituição Federal, eram, simultaneamente:”

  27. 27. Decree No. 12,290 of December 4, 2024, ratified the administrative demarcation carried out by Funai of the Morro dos Cavalos Indigenous land, in the Municipality of Palhoça, State of Santa Catarina, intended for the permanent possession of the Guarani Mbyá and Nhandéva Indigenous groups, with an area of one thousand nine hundred eighty-three hectares, forty-nine ares and one centiare.

    • Decreto nº 12.290, de 4 de dezembro de 2024 (publicação) · Federal Senate Official legal act
      Where: art. 1. Accessed October 14, 2026.
      “Fica homologada a demarcação administrativa promovida pela Fundação Nacional dos Povos Indígenas - Funai, da terra indígena denominada Morro dos Cavalos, localizada no Município de Palhoça, Estado de Santa Catarina, destinada à posse permanente dos grupos indígenas Guarani Mbyá e Nhandéva, com superfície de um mil novecentos e oitenta e três hectares quarenta e nove ares e um centiare”

  28. 28. Decree No. 12,582 of August 6, 2025, ratified the administrative demarcation carried out by Funai of the Pitaguary Indigenous land, in the Municipalities of Maracanaú, Pacatuba and Maranguape, State of Ceará, intended for the permanent possession of the Pitaguary Indigenous group, with an area of one thousand seven hundred thirty-one hectares, thirty-five ares and fifty centiares.

    • Decreto nº 12.582, de 6 de agosto de 2025 (publicação) · Federal Senate Official legal act
      Where: art. 1. Accessed October 14, 2026.
      “Fica homologada a demarcação administrativa, promovida pela Fundação Nacional dos Povos Indígenas - Funai, da terra indígena denominada Pitaguary, localizada nos Municípios de Maracanaú, Pacatuba e Maranguape, Estado do Ceará, destinada à posse permanente do grupo indígena Pitaguary, com superfície de mil setecentos e trinta e um hectares trinta e cinco ares e cinquenta centiares”

  29. 29. In the procedure of Decree No. 1,775/1996, after the period for contestation, the indigenist agency sends the case to the Minister of State for Justice, who may declare by ordinance the boundaries of the Indigenous land and order its demarcation, prescribe further steps, or disapprove the identification.

    • Decreto nº 1.775, de 8 de janeiro de 1996 (publicação original) · Chamber of Deputies Official legal act
      Where: art. 2, § 9. Accessed October 14, 2026.
      “§ 9º Nos sessenta dias subseqüentes ao encerramento do prazo de que trata o parágrafo anterior, o órgão federal de assistência ao índio encaminhará o respectivo procedimento ao Ministro de Estado da Justiça, juntamente com pareceres relativos às razões e provas apresentadas.”
    • Decreto nº 1.775, de 8 de janeiro de 1996 (publicação original) · Chamber of Deputies Official legal act
      Where: art. 2, § 10, item I. Accessed October 14, 2026.
      “§ 10. Em até trinta dias após o recebimento do procedimento, o Ministro de Estado da Justiça decidirá: I - declarando, mediante portaria, os limites da terra indígena e determinando a sua demarcação;”
    • Decreto nº 1.775, de 8 de janeiro de 1996 (publicação original) · Chamber of Deputies Official legal act
      Where: art. 2, § 10, items II and III. Accessed October 14, 2026.
      “II - prescrevendo todas as diligências que julgue necessárias, as quais deverão ser cumpridas no prazo de noventa dias; III - desaprovando a identificação e retornando os autos ao órgão federal de assistência ao índio, mediante decisão fundamentada,”

  30. 30. The 2006 National Commission on Indigenous Policy was chaired by a Funai representative and included twenty Indigenous representatives with voice and ten votes, distributed by geographic area (nine from the Amazon, six from the Northeast and East, three from the South and Southeast and two from the Center-West), plus two representatives of indigenist non-governmental organizations.

  31. 31. According to the institutional page of the Ministry of Indigenous Peoples, its composition includes, besides the Minister and the direct support bodies, the National Secretariat of Indigenous Territorial Rights, the National Secretariat of Indigenous Environmental and Territorial Management and the National Secretariat of Articulation and Promotion of Indigenous Rights.

    • Institucional (Acesso à Informação) · Ministry of Indigenous Peoples Government communication
      Where: Composition menu. Accessed October 14, 2026.
      “Composição Composição Ministro e Órgãos de Assistência Direta Secretaria Nacional de Direitos Territoriais Indígenas Secretaria Nacional de Gestão Ambiental e Territorial Indígena Secretaria Nacional de Articulação e Promoção de Direitos Indígenas”

  32. 32. The Chamber of Deputies approved MP No. 1,154/2023 in the form of the Conversion Bill by 337 votes to 125, with 1 abstention, subject to the highlighted amendments, and the Federal Senate approved it on June 1, 2023.

    • Ficha de tramitação da MPV 1154/2023 · Chamber of Deputies Official record
      Where: progress of May 31, 2023 (Plenary). Accessed October 14, 2026.
      “Aprovada a Medida Provisória nº 1.154 de 2023, na forma do Projeto de Lei de Conversão, ressalvados os destaques. Sim: 337; não: 125; abstenção: 1; total: 463.”
    • Ficha de tramitação da MPV 1154/2023 · Chamber of Deputies Official record
      Where: progress of June 1, 2023. Accessed October 14, 2026.
      “01/06/2023 PLEN - Plenário Ação: Aprovada no Senado Federal”

  33. 33. Among the reasons for the veto, Message No. 536/2023 stated that the marco temporal (time-frame thesis) had already been rejected by the Supreme Federal Court (STF) in a decision of September 27, 2023, which established a general repercussion thesis in Extraordinary Appeal No. 1017365.

    • Mensagem nº 536, de 20 de outubro de 2023 (veto parcial ao Projeto de Lei nº 2.903, de 2023) · Presidency of the Republic (Planalto) Official legal act
      Read from an archived copy (Internet Archive (Wayback Machine), captured October 11, 2026); original address: www.planalto.gov.br. The archive preserves the copy; the author is Presidency of the Republic (Planalto).
      Where: reasons for the veto of art. 4. Accessed October 14, 2026.
      “haja vista que tal tese já foi rejeitada pelo Supremo Tribunal Federal, em decisão proferida em 27 de setembro de 2023, que estabeleceu a tese de repercussão geral no Recurso Extraordinário (RE) nº 1017365,”

  34. 34. PL No. 490/2007 was transformed into Law No. 14,701/2023, published in the Official Gazette (DOU) on October 20, 2023 with a partial veto (MSC 536/23); the original publication of the law shows art. 4, main provision and §§ 1 to 4, as vetoed.

    • Ficha de tramitação do PL 490/2007 · Chamber of Deputies Official record
      Where: progress of October 20, 2023. Accessed October 14, 2026.
      “Transformado na Lei Ordinária 14701/2023. DOU 20/10/23 PÁG 01 COL 01 - Edição Extra B. Vetado parcialmente. MSC 536/23-PE.”
    • Lei nº 14.701, de 20 de outubro de 2023 (publicação original) · Chamber of Deputies Official legal act
      Where: art. 4. Accessed October 14, 2026.
      “Art. 4º (VETADO): I - (VETADO); II - (VETADO); III - (VETADO); IV - (VETADO). § 1º (VETADO). § 2º (VETADO). § 3º (VETADO). § 4º (VETADO).”

  35. 35. With the promulgation of the vetoed parts, art. 4 of Law No. 14,701/2023 came to define as traditionally occupied lands those that, on the date of promulgation of the Federal Constitution, were simultaneously inhabited on a permanent basis, used for productive activities, indispensable to environmental preservation and necessary for physical and cultural reproduction, and § 2 established that the community's absence on October 5, 1988 rules out the classification, except in cases of proven persistent dispossession (renitente esbulho).

    • Lei nº 14.701, de 20 de outubro de 2023 (texto compilado, com promulgação das partes vetadas) · Presidency of the Republic (Planalto) Official legal act
      Read from an archived copy (Internet Archive (Wayback Machine), captured August 21, 2026); original address: www.planalto.gov.br. The archive preserves the copy; the author is Presidency of the Republic (Planalto).
      Where: art. 4, main provision and items I and II (Promulgation of vetoed parts). Accessed October 14, 2026.
      “Art. 4º São terras tradicionalmente ocupadas pelos indígenas brasileiros aquelas que, na data da promulgação da Constituição Federal, eram, simultaneamente: (Promulgação partes vetadas) I - habitadas por eles em caráter permanente; II - utilizadas para suas atividades produtivas;”
    • Lei nº 14.701, de 20 de outubro de 2023 (texto compilado, com promulgação das partes vetadas) · Presidency of the Republic (Planalto) Official legal act
      Read from an archived copy (Internet Archive (Wayback Machine), captured August 21, 2026); original address: www.planalto.gov.br. The archive preserves the copy; the author is Presidency of the Republic (Planalto).
      Where: art. 4, items III and IV. Accessed October 14, 2026.
      “III - imprescindíveis à preservação dos recursos ambientais necessários a seu bem-estar; IV - necessárias à sua reprodução física e cultural, segundo seus usos, costumes e tradições.”
    • Lei nº 14.701, de 20 de outubro de 2023 (texto compilado, com promulgação das partes vetadas) · Presidency of the Republic (Planalto) Official legal act
      Read from an archived copy (Internet Archive (Wayback Machine), captured August 21, 2026); original address: www.planalto.gov.br. The archive preserves the copy; the author is Presidency of the Republic (Planalto).
      Where: art. 4, § 2. Accessed October 14, 2026.
      “§ 2º A ausência da comunidade indígena em 5 de outubro de 1988 na área pretendida descaracteriza o seu enquadramento no inciso I do caput deste artigo, salvo o caso de renitente esbulho devidamente comprovado.”

  36. 36. Decree No. 11,505 of April 28, 2023, ratified the administrative demarcation carried out by Funai of the Rio dos Índios Indigenous land, in the Municipality of Vicente Dutra, State of Rio Grande do Sul, intended for the permanent possession of the Kaingang Indigenous group, with an area of seven hundred eleven hectares, seventy ares and eighteen centiares.

    • Decreto nº 11.505, de 28 de abril de 2023 (publicação original) · Chamber of Deputies Official legal act
      Where: art. 1. Accessed October 14, 2026.
      “Fica homologada a demarcação administrativa promovida pela Fundação Nacional dos Povos Indígenas - Funai da terra indígena Rio dos Índios, localizada no Município de Vicente Dutra, Estado do Rio Grande do Sul, destinada à posse permanente do grupo indígena Kaingang, com superfície de setecentos e onze hectares setenta ares e dezoito centiares”

  37. 37. Decree No. 11,506 of April 28, 2023, ratified the administrative demarcation carried out by Funai of the Tremembé da Barra do Mundaú Indigenous land, in the Municipality of Itapipoca, State of Ceará, intended for the permanent possession of the Tremembé Indigenous group, with an area of three thousand five hundred eleven hectares, forty ares and eighty-two centiares.

    • Decreto nº 11.506, de 28 de abril de 2023 (publicação original) · Chamber of Deputies Official legal act
      Where: art. 1. Accessed October 14, 2026.
      “Fica homologada a demarcação administrativa promovida pela Fundação Nacional dos Povos Indígenas - Funai da terra indígena denominada Tremembé da Barra do Mundaú, localizada no Município de Itapipoca, Estado do Ceará, destinada à posse permanente do grupo indígena Tremembé, com área de três mil quinhentos e onze hectares quarenta ares e oitenta e dois centiares”

  38. 38. Decree No. 11,507 of April 28, 2023, ratified the administrative demarcation carried out by Funai of the Avá-Canoeiro Indigenous land, in the Municipalities of Minaçu and Colinas do Sul, State of Goiás, intended for the permanent possession of the Avá-Canoeiro Indigenous group, with an area of thirty-one thousand four hundred twenty-seven hectares, twenty-nine ares and twenty-eight centiares.

    • Decreto nº 11.507, de 28 de abril de 2023 (publicação original) · Chamber of Deputies Official legal act
      Where: art. 1. Accessed October 14, 2026.
      “Fica homologada a demarcação administrativa, promovida pela Fundação Nacional dos Povos Indígenas - Funai, da terra indígena Avá-Canoeiro, localizada nos Municípios de Minaçu e Colinas do Sul, Estado de Goiás, destinada à posse permanente do grupo indígena Avá-Canoeiro, com superfície de trinta e um mil quatrocentos e vinte sete hectares vinte nove ares e vinte e oito centiares”

  39. 39. Decree No. 11,503 of April 28, 2023, amended the Decree of December 11, 1998, which ratifies the demarcation of the Uneiuxi Indigenous land, and came to ratify the demarcation carried out by Funai of this land in the Municipalities of Santa Isabel do Rio Negro and Japurá, State of Amazonas, intended for the permanent possession of the Maku Nadëb Indigenous group, with an area of five hundred fifty-one thousand nine hundred eighty-three hectares, eighty ares and fifty centiares.

    • Decreto nº 11.503, de 28 de abril de 2023 (publicação original) · Chamber of Deputies Official legal act
      Where: art. 1 (new wording of art. 1 of the amended decree). Accessed October 14, 2026.
      “Fica homologada a demarcação administrativa promovida pela Fundação Nacional dos Povos Indígenas - Funai da terra indígena denominada Uneiuxi, localizada nos Municípios de Santa Isabel do Rio Negro e Japurá, Estado do Amazonas, destinada à posse permanente do grupo indígena Maku Nadëb, com superfície de quinhentos e cinquenta e um mil novecentos e oitenta e três hectares oitenta ares e cinquenta centiares”
    • Decreto nº 11.503, de 28 de abril de 2023 (publicação original) · Chamber of Deputies Official legal act
      Where: art. 1, caput. Accessed October 14, 2026.
      “o Decreto de 11 de dezembro de 1998, que homologa a demarcação administrativa da terra indígena Uneiuxi, localizada no Município de Santa Isabel do Rio Negro, Estado do Amazonas. O PRESIDENTE DA REPÚBLICA , no uso da atribuição que lhe confere o art. 84, caput , inciso IV, da Constituição, e tendo em vista o disposto no art. 19, § 1º, da Lei nº 6.001, de 19 de dezembro de 1973, e no art. 5º do Decreto nº 1.775, de 8 de janeiro de 1996, DECRETA: Art. 1º O Decreto de 11 de dezembro de 1998, que homologa a demarcação administrativa da terra indígena Uneiuxi, localizada no Município de Santa Isabel do Rio Negro, Estado do Amazonas, passa a vigorar com as seguintes alterações:”

  40. 40. Decree No. 11,508 of April 28, 2023, amended the Decree of October 4, 1993, which ratifies the demarcation of the Kariri-Xocó Indigenous area, and came to ratify the demarcation of the Kariri-Xocó Indigenous land in the Municipalities of Porto Real do Colégio and São Braz, State of Alagoas, intended for the permanent possession of the Kariri-Xocó Indigenous group, with an area of four thousand six hundred ninety-four hectares, eighty-eight ares and twenty-three centiares.

    • Decreto nº 11.508, de 28 de abril de 2023 (publicação original) · Chamber of Deputies Official legal act
      Where: art. 1 (new wording of art. 1 of the amended decree). Accessed October 14, 2026.
      “Fica homologada a demarcação administrativa, promovida pela Fundação Nacional dos Povos Indígenas, da terra indígena denominada Kariri-Xocó, localizada nos Municípios de Porto Real do Colégio e São Braz, Estado de Alagoas, destinada à posse permanente do grupo indígena Kariri-Xocó, com área de quatro mil seiscentos e noventa e quatro hectares oitenta e oito ares e vinte e três centiares”
    • Decreto nº 11.508, de 28 de abril de 2023 (publicação original) · Chamber of Deputies Official legal act
      Where: art. 1, caput. Accessed October 14, 2026.
      “o Decreto de 4 de outubro de 1993, que homologa a demarcação administrativa da área indígena Kariri-Xocó, localizada no Estado de Alagoas. O PRESIDENTE DA REPÚBLICA , no uso da atribuição que lhe confere o art. 84, caput , inciso IV, da Constituição, e tendo em vista o disposto no art. 19, § 1º, da Lei nº 6.001, de 19 de dezembro de 1973, e no art. 5º do Decreto nº 1.775, de 8 de janeiro de 1996, DECRETA: Art. 1º O Decreto de 4 de outubro de 1993, que homologa a demarcação administrativa da área indígena Kariri-Xocó, localizada no Estado de Alagoas, passa a vigorar com as seguintes alterações:”

  41. 41. Decree No. 11,690 of September 5, 2023, amended Decree No. 281 of October 29, 1991, and came to ratify the demarcation carried out by Funai of the Rio Gregório Indigenous land, in the Municipality of Tarauacá, State of Acre, intended for the permanent possession of the Katukina and Yawanawá Indigenous groups, with an area of one hundred eighty-seven thousand one hundred twenty-five hectares, twenty-one ares and fifty-eight centiares.

    • Decreto nº 11.690, de 5 de setembro de 2023 (publicação original) · Chamber of Deputies Official legal act
      Where: art. 1 (new wording of art. 1 of the amended decree). Accessed October 14, 2026.
      “Fica homologada a demarcação administrativa, promovida pela Fundação Nacional dos Povos Indígenas - Funai, da terra indígena Rio Gregório, localizada no Município de Tarauacá, Estado do Acre, destinada à posse permanente dos grupos indígenas Katukina e Yawanawá, com superfície de cento e oitenta e sete mil, cento e vinte e cinco hectares, vinte e um ares e cinquenta e oito centiares”
    • Decreto nº 11.690, de 5 de setembro de 2023 (publicação original) · Chamber of Deputies Official legal act
      Where: art. 1, caput. Accessed October 14, 2026.
      “o Decreto nº 281, de 29 de outubro de 1991, que homologa a demarcação administrativa da Área Indígena Rio Gregório, no Estado do Acre. O PRESIDENTE DA REPÚBLICA , no uso da atribuição que lhe confere o art. 84, caput , inciso IV, da Constituição, e tendo em vista o disposto no art. 19, § 1º, da Lei nº 6.001, de 19 de dezembro de 1973, e no art. 5º do Decreto nº 1.775, de 8 de janeiro de 1996, DECRETA: Art. 1º O Decreto nº 281, de 29 de outubro de 1991, passa a vigorar com as seguintes alterações:”

  42. 42. Decree No. 12,000 of April 18, 2024, ratified the administrative demarcation carried out by Funai of the Aldeia Velha Indigenous land, in the Municipality of Porto Seguro, State of Bahia, intended for the permanent possession of the Pataxó Indigenous group, with an area of one thousand nine hundred ninety-seven hectares, fifty-five ares and twenty-six centiares.

    • Decreto nº 12.000, de 18 de abril de 2024 (publicação original) · Chamber of Deputies Official legal act
      Where: art. 1. Accessed October 14, 2026.
      “Fica homologada a demarcação administrativa promovida pela Fundação Nacional dos Povos Indígenas - Funai, da terra indígena denominada Aldeia Velha, localizada no Município de Porto Seguro, Estado da Bahia, destinada à posse permanente do grupo indígena Pataxó, com superfície de um mil e novecentos e noventa e sete hectares cinquenta e cinco ares e vinte e seis centiares”

  43. 43. Decree No. 12,288 of December 4, 2024, ratified the administrative demarcation carried out by Funai of the Potiguara de Monte-Mor Indigenous land, in the Municipalities of Rio Tinto and Marcação, State of Paraíba, intended for the permanent possession of the Potiguara Indigenous group, with an area of seven thousand five hundred thirty hectares, fifty-nine ares and sixty-nine centiares.

    • Decreto nº 12.288, de 4 de dezembro de 2024 (publicação) · Federal Senate Official legal act
      Where: art. 1. Accessed October 14, 2026.
      “Fica homologada a demarcação administrativa, promovida pela Fundação Nacional dos Povos Indígenas - Funai, da terra indígena denominada Potiguara de Monte-Mor, localizada nos Municípios de Rio Tinto e de Marcação, Estado da Paraíba, destinada à posse permanente do grupo indígena Potiguara, com superfície de sete mil quinhentos e trinta hectares cinquenta e nove ares e sessenta e nove centiares”

  44. 44. Decree No. 12,289 of December 4, 2024, ratified the administrative demarcation carried out by Funai of the Toldo Imbu Indigenous land, in the Municipality of Abelardo Luz, State of Santa Catarina, intended for the permanent possession of the Kaingang Indigenous group, with an area of one thousand nine hundred sixty hectares, sixty-nine ares and thirty-four centiares.

    • Decreto nº 12.289, de 4 de dezembro de 2024 (publicação) · Federal Senate Official legal act
      Where: art. 1. Accessed October 14, 2026.
      “Fica homologada a demarcação administrativa promovida pela Fundação Nacional dos Povos Indígenas - Funai, da terra indígena Toldo Imbu, localizada no Município de Abelardo Luz, Estado de Santa Catarina, destinada à posse permanente do grupo indígena Kaingang, com superfície de um mil e novecentos e sessenta hectares sessenta e nove ares e trinta e quatro centiares”

  45. 45. Decree No. 12,583 of August 6, 2025, ratified the administrative demarcation carried out by Funai of the Lagoa Encantada Indigenous land, in the Municipality of Aquiraz, State of Ceará, intended for the permanent possession of the Jenipapo-Kanindé Indigenous group, with an area of one thousand seven hundred thirty-two hectares, forty-nine ares and fifty-six centiares.

    • Decreto nº 12.583, de 6 de agosto de 2025 (publicação) · Federal Senate Official legal act
      Where: art. 1. Accessed October 14, 2026.
      “Fica homologada a demarcação administrativa, promovida pela Fundação Nacional dos Povos Indígenas - Funai, da terra indígena denominada Lagoa Encantada, localizada no Município de Aquiraz, Estado do Ceará, destinada à posse permanente do grupo indígena Jenipapo-Kanindé, com superfície de mil setecentos e trinta e dois hectares quarenta e nove ares e cinquenta e seis centiares”

  46. 46. Decree No. 12,584 of August 6, 2025, ratified the administrative demarcation carried out by Funai of the Tremembé de Queimadas Indigenous land, in the Municipality of Acaraú, State of Ceará, intended for the permanent possession of the Tremembé Indigenous group, with an area of seven hundred seventy-five hectares, thirty-five ares and seventy-six centiares, in two areas.

    • Decreto nº 12.584, de 6 de agosto de 2025 (publicação) · Federal Senate Official legal act
      Where: art. 1. Accessed October 14, 2026.
      “Fica homologada a demarcação administrativa, promovida pela Fundação Nacional dos Povos Indígenas - Funai, da terra indígena denominada Tremembé de Queimadas, localizada no Município de Acaraú, Estado do Ceará, destinada à posse permanente do grupo indígena Tremembé, com superfície de setecentos e setenta e cinco hectares trinta e cinco ares e setenta e seis centiares”

  47. 47. Decree No. 12,722 of November 17, 2025, ratified the administrative demarcation carried out by Funai of the Estação Parecis Indigenous land, in the Municipality of Diamantino, State of Mato Grosso, intended for the permanent possession of the Parecis Indigenous people, with an area of two thousand one hundred seventy hectares, twenty-seven ares and sixty-seven centiares.

    • Decreto nº 12.722, de 17 de novembro de 2025 (publicação) · Federal Senate Official legal act
      Where: art. 1. Accessed October 14, 2026.
      “Fica homologada a demarcação administrativa promovida pela Fundação Nacional dos Povos Indígenas - Funai, da terra indígena denominada Estação Parecis, localizada no Município de Diamantino, Estado do Mato Grosso, destinada à posse permanente do povo indígena Parecis, com superfície de dois mil cento e setenta hectares, vinte e sete ares e sessenta e sete centiares”

  48. 48. Decree No. 12,723 of November 17, 2025, amended Decree No. 98,827 of January 15, 1990, and came to ratify the demarcation carried out by Funai of the Manoki Indigenous land, in the Municipality of Brasnorte, State of Mato Grosso, intended for the permanent possession of the Irantxe-Manoki Indigenous people, with an area of two hundred fifty thousand five hundred thirty-nine hectares, eighty-two ares and ninety-three centiares.

    • Decreto nº 12.723, de 17 de novembro de 2025 (publicação) · Federal Senate Official legal act
      Where: art. 2 (new wording of art. 1 of Decree No. 98,827/1990). Accessed October 14, 2026.
      “Fica homologada a demarcação administrativa, promovida pela Fundação Nacional dos Povos Indígenas - Funai, da terra indígena Manoki, localizada no Município de Brasnorte, Estado de Mato Grosso, destinada à posse permanente do povo indígena Irantxe-Manoki, com superfície de duzentos e cinquenta mil e quinhentos e trinta e nove hectares, oitenta e dois ares e noventa e três centiares”
    • Decreto nº 12.723, de 17 de novembro de 2025 (publicação) · Federal Senate Official legal act
      Where: art. 2, caput. Accessed October 14, 2026.
      “O Decreto nº 98.827, de 15 de janeiro de 1990, passa a vigorar com as seguintes alterações:”

  49. 49. According to the TCU (Ruling 1228/2023 - Plenary, session of June 14, 2023), Provisional Measure No. 1,168/2023 opened extraordinary credit of R$640 million, received by the Ministries of Defense, Justice and Public Security, Development and Social Assistance, Environment and Indigenous Peoples; in data collected through May 29, 31.3% of the total (R$200.5 million) had been committed and 7.5% (R$48 million) paid.

    • TCU acompanha ações emergenciais na terra yanomami · Federal Court of Accounts (TCU) Audit
      Where: body of the news item, paragraph 1. Accessed October 14, 2026.
      “O Tribunal de Contas da União (TCU) analisou, sob a relatoria do ministro Jhonatan de Jesus, solicitação da Comissão Temporária Externa Yanomami (CTE Yanomami) que requereu a realização de fiscalização dos recursos oriundos da Medida Provisória 1.168/2023 , que abriu crédito extraordinário no valor de R$ 640 milhões.”
    • TCU acompanha ações emergenciais na terra yanomami · Federal Court of Accounts (TCU) Audit
      Where: body of the news item, 1st paragraph (recipients). Accessed October 14, 2026.
      “Receberam esses recursos os Ministérios da Defesa, da Justiça e Segurança Pública (MJSP), do Desenvolvimento e Assistência Social, Família e Combate à Fome (MDS), do Meio Ambiente e Mudança do Clima (MMA) e dos Povos Indígenas (MPI).”
    • TCU acompanha ações emergenciais na terra yanomami · Federal Court of Accounts (TCU) Audit
      Where: body of the news item, paragraph 2. Accessed October 14, 2026.
      “na execução orçamentária dos créditos extraordinários autorizados pela mencionada MP, já foram empenhados 31,3% do total (R$ 200,5 milhões), e que os valores efetivamente pagos representam 7,5% (R$ 48 milhões)”
    • TCU acompanha ações emergenciais na terra yanomami · Federal Court of Accounts (TCU) Audit
      Where: body of the news item, 2nd paragraph (date of the data). Accessed October 14, 2026.
      “Esses dados foram coletados pelo TCU até o dia 29 de maio.”
    • TCU acompanha ações emergenciais na terra yanomami · Federal Court of Accounts (TCU) Audit
      Where: service. Accessed October 14, 2026.
      “Acórdão 1228/2023 – Plenário Processo: TC 008.688/2023-0 Sessão: 14/6/2023”

  50. 50. For budget unit 30202 (National Indian Foundation), SIOP records, in nominal values, authorized (law plus credits) and paid in the fiscal year of R$658,532,429 and R$503,691,581 in 2019; R$662,507,004 and R$555,176,633 in 2020; R$691,405,406 and R$557,056,704 in 2021; and R$608,540,507 and R$518,676,687 in 2022.

    • SIOP, consulta SPARQL por unidade orçamentária (Funai e MPI), exercício 2019 · Ministry of Planning and Budget (SIOP) Budget and spending
      Where: CSV row (fiscal year 2019, UO 30202); columns: "exercicio","codUO","descUO","loa","lei_mais_credito","empenhado","liquidado","pago". Accessed October 14, 2026.
      “2019,"30202","Fundação Nacional do Índio - FUNAI",613373542,658532429,637071895,533493127,503691581”
    • SIOP, consulta SPARQL por unidade orçamentária (Funai e MPI), exercício 2020 · Ministry of Planning and Budget (SIOP) Budget and spending
      Where: CSV row (fiscal year 2020, UO 30202); columns: "exercicio","codUO","descUO","loa","lei_mais_credito","empenhado","liquidado","pago". Accessed October 14, 2026.
      “2020,"30202","Fundação Nacional do Índio - FUNAI",495642410,662507004,642624585,584148637,555176633”
    • SIOP, consulta SPARQL por unidade orçamentária (Funai e MPI), exercício 2021 · Ministry of Planning and Budget (SIOP) Budget and spending
      Where: CSV row (fiscal year 2021, UO 30202); columns: "exercicio","codUO","descUO","loa","lei_mais_credito","empenhado","liquidado","pago". Accessed October 14, 2026.
      “2021,"30202","Fundação Nacional do Índio - FUNAI",304361209,691405406,686947959,590064068,557056704”
    • SIOP, consulta SPARQL por unidade orçamentária (Funai e MPI), exercício 2022 · Ministry of Planning and Budget (SIOP) Budget and spending
      Where: CSV row (fiscal year 2022, UO 30202); columns: "exercicio","codUO","descUO","loa","lei_mais_credito","empenhado","liquidado","pago". Accessed October 14, 2026.
      “2022,"30202","Fundação Nacional do Índio - FUNAI",618061382,608540507,597392525,548826739,518676687”

  51. 51. For Funai (budget unit 84201 from 2023), SIOP records, in nominal values, authorized (law plus credits) and paid in the fiscal year of R$813,100,975 and R$577,541,164 in 2023; R$1,085,839,595 and R$728,445,070 in 2024; and R$1,001,608,973 and R$700,181,003 in 2025.

    • SIOP, consulta SPARQL por unidade orçamentária (Funai e MPI), exercício 2023 · Ministry of Planning and Budget (SIOP) Budget and spending
      Where: CSV row (fiscal year 2023, UO 84201); columns: "exercicio","codUO","descUO","loa","lei_mais_credito","empenhado","liquidado","pago". Accessed October 14, 2026.
      “2023,"84201","Fundação Nacional do Índio - FUNAI",0,813100975,810287618,620155369,577541164”
    • SIOP, consulta SPARQL por unidade orçamentária (Funai e MPI), exercício 2024 · Ministry of Planning and Budget (SIOP) Budget and spending
      Where: CSV row (fiscal year 2024, UO 84201); columns: "exercicio","codUO","descUO","loa","lei_mais_credito","empenhado","liquidado","pago". Accessed October 14, 2026.
      “2024,"84201","Fundação Nacional dos Povos Indígenas - FUNAI",735516315,1085839595,1082882369,775604703,728445070”
    • SIOP, consulta SPARQL por unidade orçamentária (Funai e MPI), exercício 2025 · Ministry of Planning and Budget (SIOP) Budget and spending
      Where: CSV row (fiscal year 2025, UO 84201); columns: "exercicio","codUO","descUO","loa","lei_mais_credito","empenhado","liquidado","pago". Accessed October 14, 2026.
      “2025,"84201","Fundação Nacional dos Povos Indígenas - FUNAI",1097700066,1001608973,1000277914,753844185,700181003”

  52. 52. For budget unit 84101 (Ministry of Indigenous Peoples, Direct Administration), SIOP records, in nominal values, authorized (law plus credits) and paid in the fiscal year of R$307,225,013 and R$145,135,434 in 2024, and of R$157,878,139 and R$125,960,796 in 2025.

    • SIOP, consulta SPARQL por unidade orçamentária (Funai e MPI), exercício 2024 · Ministry of Planning and Budget (SIOP) Budget and spending
      Where: CSV row (fiscal year 2024, UO 84101); columns: "exercicio","codUO","descUO","loa","lei_mais_credito","empenhado","liquidado","pago". Accessed October 14, 2026.
      “2024,"84101","Ministério dos Povos Indígenas - Administração Direta",114260086,307225013,301429590,168422167,145135434”
    • SIOP, consulta SPARQL por unidade orçamentária (Funai e MPI), exercício 2025 · Ministry of Planning and Budget (SIOP) Budget and spending
      Where: CSV row (fiscal year 2025, UO 84101); columns: "exercicio","codUO","descUO","loa","lei_mais_credito","empenhado","liquidado","pago". Accessed October 14, 2026.
      “2025,"84101","Ministério dos Povos Indígenas - Administração Direta",191991521,157878139,151893291,134835970,125960796”

  53. 53. For action 20UF (through 2023, Regularization, Demarcation and Oversight of Indigenous Lands and Protection of Isolated Indigenous Peoples; from 2024, Land Regularization, Protection and Management of Indigenous Territories), SIOP records paid in the fiscal year, in nominal values, of R$23,123,309 (2019), R$20,972,409 (2020), R$32,778,255 (2021), R$37,881,602 (2022), R$77,042,340 (2023), R$156,870,379 (2024) and R$55,508,756 (2025); the authorized amount was R$215,328,966 in 2023, R$363,347,927 in 2024 and R$121,327,678 in 2025.

    • SIOP, consulta SPARQL da ação 20UF, exercício 2019 · Ministry of Planning and Budget (SIOP) Budget and spending
      Where: CSV row (fiscal year 2019, action 20UF); columns: "exercicio","codAcao","descAcao","loa","lei_mais_credito","empenhado","liquidado","pago". Accessed October 14, 2026.
      “2019,"20UF","Regularização, Demarcação e Fiscalização de Terras Indígenas e Proteção dos Povos Indígenas Isolados",34122252,37022252,33656409,23184348,23123309”
    • SIOP, consulta SPARQL da ação 20UF, exercício 2020 · Ministry of Planning and Budget (SIOP) Budget and spending
      Where: CSV row (fiscal year 2020, action 20UF); columns: "exercicio","codAcao","descAcao","loa","lei_mais_credito","empenhado","liquidado","pago". Accessed October 14, 2026.
      “2020,"20UF","Regularização, Demarcação e Fiscalização de Terras Indígenas e Proteção dos Povos Indígenas Isolados",32620489,30348330,29319595,21017968,20972409”
    • SIOP, consulta SPARQL da ação 20UF, exercício 2021 · Ministry of Planning and Budget (SIOP) Budget and spending
      Where: CSV row (fiscal year 2021, action 20UF); columns: "exercicio","codAcao","descAcao","loa","lei_mais_credito","empenhado","liquidado","pago". Accessed October 14, 2026.
      “2021,"20UF","Regularização, Demarcação e Fiscalização de Terras Indígenas e Proteção dos Povos Indígenas Isolados",42012115,49140825,48755690,33104581,32778255”
    • SIOP, consulta SPARQL da ação 20UF, exercício 2022 · Ministry of Planning and Budget (SIOP) Budget and spending
      Where: CSV row (fiscal year 2022, action 20UF); columns: "exercicio","codAcao","descAcao","loa","lei_mais_credito","empenhado","liquidado","pago". Accessed October 14, 2026.
      “2022,"20UF","Regularização, Demarcação e Fiscalização de Terras Indígenas e Proteção dos Povos Indígenas Isolados",45095641,50164314,50094748,39080294,37881602”
    • SIOP, consulta SPARQL da ação 20UF, exercício 2023 · Ministry of Planning and Budget (SIOP) Budget and spending
      Where: CSV row (fiscal year 2023, action 20UF); columns: "exercicio","codAcao","descAcao","loa","lei_mais_credito","empenhado","liquidado","pago". Accessed October 14, 2026.
      “2023,"20UF","Regularização, Demarcação e Fiscalização de Terras Indígenas e Proteção dos Povos Indígenas Isolados",70075691,215328966,212812458,78967183,77042340”
    • SIOP, consulta SPARQL da ação 20UF, exercício 2024 · Ministry of Planning and Budget (SIOP) Budget and spending
      Where: CSV row (fiscal year 2024, action 20UF); columns: "exercicio","codAcao","descAcao","loa","lei_mais_credito","empenhado","liquidado","pago". Accessed October 14, 2026.
      “2024,"20UF","Regularização Fundiária, Proteção e Gestão dos Territórios Indígenas",135536252,363347927,361960573,158472623,156870379”
    • SIOP, consulta SPARQL da ação 20UF, exercício 2025 · Ministry of Planning and Budget (SIOP) Budget and spending
      Where: CSV row (fiscal year 2025, action 20UF); columns: "exercicio","codAcao","descAcao","loa","lei_mais_credito","empenhado","liquidado","pago". Accessed October 14, 2026.
      “2025,"20UF","Regularização Fundiária, Proteção e Gestão dos Territórios Indígenas",146394507,121327678,120763078,56126236,55508756”

  54. 54. The 1st National Conference on Indigenous Policy, convened by the Decree of July 24, 2014, was set for December 14 to 17, 2015, in Brasília, by the Decree of November 19, 2015, with the theme "The relationship of the Brazilian State with the Indigenous Peoples in Brazil under the paradigm of the 1988 Constitution."

  55. 55. Decree No. 9,356 of April 26, 2018, ratified the administrative demarcation carried out by Funai of the Baía dos Guató Indigenous land, in the Municipality of Barão de Melgaço, State of Mato Grosso, with an area of nineteen thousand two hundred sixteen hectares, ninety-six ares and six centiares.

    • Decreto nº 9.356, de 26 de abril de 2018 (publicação original) · Chamber of Deputies Official legal act
      Where: art. 1. Accessed October 14, 2026.
      “Art. 1º Fica homologada a demarcação administrativa promovida pela Fundação Nacional do Índio - Funai da terra indígena denominada Baía dos Guató, localizada no Município de Barão de Melgaço, Estado de Mato Grosso, destinada à posse permanente do grupo indígena Guató, com superfície de dezenove mil, duzentos e dezesseis hectares, noventa e seis ares e seis centiares”

  56. 56. Bill (PL) No. 490/2007, introduced in the Chamber of Deputies on March 20, 2007 by Deputy Homero Pereira (PR-MT) to amend Law No. 6,001/1973 (Indian Statute), was given a new summary to regulate art. 231 of the Constitution and provide for the recognition, demarcation, use and management of Indigenous lands.

    • Ficha de tramitação do PL 490/2007 · Chamber of Deputies Official record
      Where: progress of March 20, 2007. Accessed October 14, 2026.
      “20/03/2007 Plenário (PLEN) Apresentação do Projeto de Lei n. 490/2007, pelo Deputado Homero Pereira (PR-MT), que: "Altera a Lei n° 6.001, de 19 de dezembro de 1973, que dispõe sobre o Estatuto do Índio. NOVA EMENTA: Regulamenta o art. 231 da Constituição Federal, para dispor sobre o reconhecimento, a demarcação, o uso e a gestão de terras indígenas;”

  57. 57. On May 30, 2023, the Plenary of the Chamber of Deputies approved the Global Substitute Sub-amendment to PL No. 490/2007, by 283 votes to 155, with 1 abstention, and upheld the text of art. 4 in a vote on a highlighted amendment (288 to 148).

    • Ficha de tramitação do PL 490/2007 · Chamber of Deputies Official record
      Where: progress of May 30, 2023 (session). Accessed October 14, 2026.
      “30/05/2023 Plenário (PLEN) - 14:00 Sessão Deliberativa Extraordinária (semipresencial) Discussão em turno único.”
    • Ficha de tramitação do PL 490/2007 · Chamber of Deputies Official record
      Where: progress of May 30, 2023 (single-round vote). Accessed October 14, 2026.
      “Aprovada a Subemenda Substitutiva Global ao Projeto de Lei nº 490, de 2007, adotada pelo relator da Comissão de Constituição e Justiça e de Cidadania, ressalvados os destaques. Sim: 283; não: 155; abstenção: 1; total: 439.”
    • Ficha de tramitação do PL 490/2007 · Chamber of Deputies Official record
      Where: progress of May 30, 2023 (DTQ 3). Accessed October 14, 2026.
      “Destaque para Votação em Separado do art. 4º do Substitutivo adotado pela CCJC. (art. 161, I) Encaminharam a Votação: Dep. Guilherme Boulos (PSOL-SP) e Dep. José Medeiros (PL-MT). Mantido o texto. Sim: 288; não: 148;”

  58. 58. In the same judgment, according to the STF, the rapporteur recognized an unconstitutional omission and delay in the demarcation of Indigenous lands, because the ADCT (Transitional Constitutional Provisions Act) provided five years to conclude the proceedings, and the majority followed the proposal of a ten-year period for the Union to conclude the pending demarcations, under penalty of monthly compensation to the community harmed by the delay.

    • STF considera inconstitucional trecho de lei que institui marco temporal para terras indígenas · Supreme Federal Court Official record
      Read from an archived copy (Internet Archive (Wayback Machine), captured February 10, 2026); original address: noticias.stf.jus.br. The archive preserves the copy; the author is Supreme Federal Court.
      Where: section Demarcation, 1st paragraph. Accessed October 14, 2026.
      “O ministro Gilmar Mendes também reconheceu a existência de omissão e mora inconstitucionais na demarcação de terras indígenas, uma vez que o Ato das Disposições Constitucionais Transitórias (ADCT) previa o prazo de cinco anos, contado da promulgação da Constituição Federal, para a conclusão de todos os processos — o que não ocorreu.”
    • STF considera inconstitucional trecho de lei que institui marco temporal para terras indígenas · Supreme Federal Court Official record
      Read from an archived copy (Internet Archive (Wayback Machine), captured February 10, 2026); original address: noticias.stf.jus.br. The archive preserves the copy; the author is Supreme Federal Court.
      Where: section Demarcation, 2nd paragraph. Accessed October 14, 2026.
      “O relator propôs regras transitórias que incluem o prazo de dez anos para a União concluir as demarcações, sob pena de pagamento de indenização mensal à comunidade indígena prejudicada pela demora na finalização dos trâmites administrativos. A maioria dos ministros acompanhou o relator.”

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