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Public policy

Land tenure regularization of quilombola territories (identification, recognition, delimitation, demarcation, and titling of the lands of the remnants of quilombo communities)

Problem
To guarantee to the remnant quilombo communities definitive ownership of the lands they occupy, provided for in art. 68 of the ADCT (Act of Transitional Constitutional Provisions) since 1988.
Who it serves
Remnant quilombo communities, characterized by self-definition, represented by their associations.
How it works
Under Decree 4,887/2003, which revoked the 2001 decree that assigned the task to the Palmares Cultural Foundation, Incra identifies, recognizes, delimits, demarcates, and titles the lands, without prejudice to the concurrent authority of states, the Federal District, and municipalities, with the participation of the communities in all phases; the Palmares Cultural Foundation issues the self-definition certificate. The identification report is published by notice and may be contested within ninety days; properties with valid private title may be expropriated, where applicable, and lands of states, the Federal District, or municipalities go to the entities responsible for titling. The title is collective and undivided (pro indiviso), free of charge. According to Incra, the stages include the RTID, the recognition ordinance, and, on private lands, a presidential decree of expropriation for social interest.

Racial equalityHuman rights

Relation to the Lula governments

Reshaped under Lula · First term (2003 to 2006) · from November 2003 to 2006

Decree No. 4,887 of November 20, 2003 assigned to the Ministry of Agrarian Development, through INCRA, the identification, recognition, delimitation, demarcation, and titling of the lands occupied by the remnants of quilombo communities, without prejudice to the concurrent authority of the States, the Federal District, and the Municipalities.[1]

Decree No. 4,887/2003 defines the remnants of quilombo communities according to self-attribution criteria, provides that the characterization be attested by the community's own self-definition, and that this self-definition be entered in the General Registry at the Palmares Cultural Foundation, which issues the respective certificate.[2]

Decree No. 4,887/2003 revoked Decree No. 3,912 of September 10, 2001; it was signed by Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, Gilberto Gil, Miguel Soldatelli Rossetto, and José Dirceu de Oliveira e Silva and published in the Official Gazette (DOU) of November 21, 2003; the Chamber of Deputies record shows its origin in the Executive Branch and refers to ADIN No. 3239/2004.[3]

According to the Seppir document of 2004, the Brasil Quilombola Program was created in 2004 to coordinate government actions for remnant quilombo communities, coordinated by Seppir with the Undersecretariat for Policies for Traditional Communities and with 21 bodies of the federal public administration.[4]

Shared implementation · First term (2003 to 2006) · from 2004 to 2006

Decree No. 4,887/2003 provides for inspection and appraisal for the expropriation, where applicable, of properties with valid private ownership title within the territory, and provides that, if the lands belong to the States, the Federal District, or the Municipalities, INCRA forwards the case files to the entities responsible for titling.[5]

In the Incra Annual Result table (progress of the processes, print date September 3, 2026), the period from 1995 to 2003 appears aggregated, with 0 RTID, 0 ordinances, 0 decrees, and 7 titlings; in 2004, 0 RTID, 0 ordinances, 0 decrees, and 2 titlings; in 2005, 16 RTID, 2 ordinances, 0 decrees, and 0 titlings; in 2006, 17 RTID, 8 ordinances, 2 decrees, and 3 titlings.[6]

The Annual Evaluation Report of the 2004 to 2007 PPA (base year 2005) records, as a result of the Brasil Quilombola program in 2005, the land tenure regularization of 2 communities: Conceição do Macacoari (Macapá, AP), with 61 families, and Olho d'Água dos Pires (Esperantina, PI), with 50 families.[7]

Continued under Lula · Second term (2007 to 2010) · from 2007 to 2010

In the Incra Annual Result table, 2007 shows 20 RTID, 14 ordinances, 0 decrees, and 2 titlings; 2008, 17 RTID, 14 ordinances, 0 decrees, and 2 titlings; 2009, 24 RTID, 9 ordinances, 30 decrees, and 4 titlings; 2010, 27 RTID, 9 ordinances, 11 decrees, and 6 titlings.[8]

Ipea (2010) reports that, cumulatively from 2005, about 800 regularization cases had been opened at Incra's regional offices, with 106 titles issued and 40 recognition ordinances published, totaling 216,068.0231 hectares recognized for the benefit of 3,755 families.[9]

In 2010, according to SIOP, action 1642 (Recognition and Demarcation of Remnant Quilombo Areas) had an authorized appropriation of R$10,000,000 and an amount paid of R$3,273,790, and action 0859 (Payment of Compensation to Occupants of Lands Demarcated and Titled to Quilombo Remnants) had an authorized appropriation of R$43,559,000 and an amount paid of R$10,386,063; nominal values, actions not summed.[10]

Reshaped under Lula · Second term (2007 to 2010) · from November 2007 to 2010

Decree No. 6,261 of November 20, 2007 provided for the integrated management of the Quilombola Social Agenda, implemented through the Brasil Quilombola Program under the coordination of the Special Secretariat for Policies to Promote Racial Equality, with actions aimed at access to land, infrastructure and quality of life, productive inclusion and local development, and citizenship.[11]

Decree No. 6,261/2007 established the Management Committee of the Quilombola Social Agenda, coordinated by the Special Secretariat for Policies to Promote Racial Equality and made up, among others, of the Casa Civil (Chief of Staff's Office) and the Ministry of Agrarian Development, and provided, in coordination with the National Council for the Promotion of Racial Equality (CNPIR), for the improvement of the mechanisms of social oversight and civil society participation.[12]

Reshaped under Lula · Third term (since 2023) · since March 2023

Decree No. 11,447 of March 21, 2023 established the Aquilomba Brasil Program, coordinated by the Ministry of Racial Equality, with an axis of access to land and territory and the objective of guaranteeing the land tenure regularization of quilombola territories through an action plan with a national titling agenda, and revoked Decree No. 6,261 of November 20, 2007.[13]

According to the CGU, the Steering Committee of the Aquilomba Brasil Program created the Titling Working Group (GT Titulação), with representatives of the Ministry of Racial Equality, the Ministry of Agrarian Development and Family Farming, Incra, and the Palmares Cultural Foundation, and with the participation of the SPU and the Ministry of the Environment, to prepare the National Titling Plan; the group was established by Resolution No. 01 of the Steering Committee, of April 18, 2023, and held its first meeting on May 26, 2023.[14]

FCP Ordinance No. 75 of April 5, 2023 revoked Ordinance No. 57 of March 31, 2022, which had established the General Registry of Quilombo Remnants and the procedures for issuing the self-definition certificate, and reinstated Ordinance No. 98 of November 26, 2007.[15]

Expanded under Lula · Third term (since 2023) · since 2023

According to SIOP, action 210Z (Recognition and Compensation of Quilombola Territories) had in 2021 an authorized appropriation of R$318,008 and an amount paid of R$160,030, and in 2022 an authorized appropriation of R$505,000 and an amount paid of R$377,860, in nominal values.[16]

According to SIOP, action 210Z, renamed Identification, Recognition, and Titling of Quilombola Territories, had in 2024 an authorized appropriation of R$59,384,077, commitment of R$59,324,334, and an amount paid in the fiscal year of R$26,393,007; in 2025, an authorized appropriation of R$88,889,259, commitment of R$88,882,279, and an amount paid in the fiscal year of R$17,844,265; nominal values, excluding carryover payables.[17]

In the Incra Annual Result table (print date September 3, 2026), 2023 shows 12 RTID, 52 ordinances, 1 decree, and 11 titlings; 2024, 15 RTID, 21 ordinances, 31 decrees, and 21 titlings; 2025, 24 RTID, 16 ordinances, 28 decrees, and 20 titlings; 2026, up to the date of the document, 21 RTID, 13 ordinances, 19 decrees, and 24 titlings.[18]

Shared implementation · Third term (since 2023) · since 2023

In the Incra table of August 8, 2025, of the titled area, the federal government alone titled 231,394.0246 hectares (through INCRA, FCP, and SPU); state governments alone titled 908,612.2033 hectares (through bodies such as ITERPA, ITESP, ITERMA, and INTERPI); federal and state governments jointly titled 21,990.6882 hectares; and municipal governments, 5.1484 hectares.[19]

According to Incra, in the Alcântara territory (MA), with 78,105.3466 hectares and 3,350 families, the RTID notices were published on November 4, 2008 and November 5, 2008, and INCRA issued a partial title on November 12, 2025, with 45,931.3983 hectares, 59% of the territory's area.[20]

Origin and precursors

Origin milestone: founding legal act, Before 2003.

Art. 68 of the Act of Transitional Constitutional Provisions of the 1988 Constitution recognizes that the remnants of quilombo communities who are occupying their lands have definitive ownership and requires the State to issue them the respective titles.[21]

Precursors

  • Art. 68 of the Transitional Constitutional Provisions Act (1988) earlier legal basis Art. 68 of the Act of Transitional Constitutional Provisions of the 1988 Constitution recognizes that the remnants of quilombo communities who are occupying their lands have definitive ownership and requires the State to issue them the respective titles.[21]
  • Incra Ordinance No. 307/1995 and titling by Incra since 1995 earlier technical basis According to the Brasil Quilombola Program document (Seppir, 2004), Incra published Ordinance No. 307 of November 22, 1995, which required the titling of quilombola lands without specifying in detail the procedure to be adopted.[22]
  • Jurisdiction of the Fundação Cultural Palmares (1999 to 2003) and FCP Ordinance No. 40/2000 replaced According to the Brasil Quilombola Program document (Seppir, 2004), in 1999 the federal government decided to transfer the authority for titling quilombo lands to the Ministry of Culture, through the Palmares Cultural Foundation, which on July 13, 2000 published internal ordinance No. 40 with procedures for identification, delimitation, demarcation, and titling.[23]
  • Decree No. 3,912/2001 (revoked by Decree No. 4,887/2003) replaced Decree No. 3,912 of September 10, 2001, signed by Fernando Henrique Cardoso, assigned to the Palmares Cultural Foundation the task of initiating, following up on, and concluding the process of identification, recognition, delimitation, demarcation, titling, and registration of quilombola lands, and limited recognition to lands occupied by quilombos in 1888 and by remnants on October 5, 1988.[24]

Precursor investigation: successor to earlier initiatives (October 14, 2026).

Scope: Art. 68 of the ADCT (Planalto copy on the Internet Archive); Decrees 3,912/2001, 4,887/2003, 6,261/2007 and 11,447/2023 (Chamber of Deputies and Internet Archive); Programa Brasil Quilombola document (Seppir, 2004), with history from 1995 to 2003 (Incra Ordinance 307/1995, transfer to the FCP in 1999, FCP Ordinance 40/2000); table of Incra titles since 1995 (federal, state and municipal); ADI 3239 at the STF; evaluation of the 2005 PPA; Ipea (2010); CGU (2023).

Responsibilities

  • National Institute for Colonization and Agrarian Reform (Incra), Directorate of Quilombola Territories federal management

    According to Incra's page on quilombolas, under Decree No. 4,887 of 2003 Incra is the federal agency responsible for the titling of quilombola territories, the responsibility is concurrent among the Union, the States, the Federal District, and the Municipalities, and the policy is led by the Directorate of Quilombola Territories.[25]

  • Fundação Cultural Palmares (self-definition certificate and general registry) partnership

    According to the CGU (report of December 21, 2023), the Palmares Cultural Foundation relies on the group's self-identification and, after issuing the self-definition certificate, issues the Certificate of Registration in the General Registry of Quilombola Remnants, which may be issued before or after the opening of the titling process at Incra's Regional Superintendency.[26]

  • Seppir and, since 2023, the Ministry of Racial Equality, coordination of the Programa Brasil Quilombola and the Programa Aquilomba Brasil design

    Decree No. 11,447 of March 21, 2023 established the Aquilomba Brasil Program, coordinated by the Ministry of Racial Equality, with an axis of access to land and territory and the objective of guaranteeing the land tenure regularization of quilombola territories through an action plan with a national titling agenda, and revoked Decree No. 6,261 of November 20, 2007.[13]

  • State land agencies (ITERPA, ITESP, ITERMA, INTERPI and others) state implementation

    In the Incra table of August 8, 2025, of the titled area, the federal government alone titled 231,394.0246 hectares (through INCRA, FCP, and SPU); state governments alone titled 908,612.2033 hectares (through bodies such as ITERPA, ITESP, ITERMA, and INTERPI); federal and state governments jointly titled 21,990.6882 hectares; and municipal governments, 5.1484 hectares.[19]

  • Municipal governments (municipal titles) municipal implementation

    In the Incra table of August 8, 2025, of the titled area, the federal government alone titled 231,394.0246 hectares (through INCRA, FCP, and SPU); state governments alone titled 908,612.2033 hectares (through bodies such as ITERPA, ITESP, ITERMA, and INTERPI); federal and state governments jointly titled 21,990.6882 hectares; and municipal governments, 5.1484 hectares.[19]

  • Supreme Federal Court (STF) (ADI 3239) oversight

    In ADI 3239, the rapporteur Cezar Peluso voted in 2012 to grant the action; on February 8, 2018, the Full Court of the STF, by majority and in the terms of the vote of Justice Rosa Weber, dismissed the claims against Decree No. 4,887/2003, with the rapporteur and, in part, Justices Dias Toffoli and Gilmar Mendes outvoted; in December 2019 the motions for clarification were not admitted.[27]

  • Office of the Comptroller General (CGU) oversight

    The CGU (evaluation report of December 21, 2023) carried out the work because of the relevance of the policy and the slowness with which regularization processes proceed, and concluded that the performance of the SQPT (the secretariat responsible for quilombolas) is hampered by the absence of a unified digital tool that reports the stages of processing of cases at INCRA and by weaknesses in internal controls; it recommended that Incra develop an information tool on the processes.[28]

  • Quilombola communities and their associations (participation in all phases) social participation

    Decree No. 4,887/2003 ensures that the remnants of quilombo communities participate in all phases of the administrative procedure and assigns to the Special Secretariat for Policies to Promote Racial Equality and the Palmares Cultural Foundation the task of assisting and accompanying the Ministry of Agrarian Development and INCRA in land regularization actions.[29]

  • National Council for the Promotion of Racial Equality (social oversight of the Agenda Social Quilombola) social participation

    Decree No. 6,261/2007 established the Management Committee of the Quilombola Social Agenda, coordinated by the Special Secretariat for Policies to Promote Racial Equality and made up, among others, of the Casa Civil (Chief of Staff's Office) and the Ministry of Agrarian Development, and provided, in coordination with the National Council for the Promotion of Racial Equality (CNPIR), for the improvement of the mechanisms of social oversight and civil society participation.[12]

Timeline

Timeline of Land tenure regularization of quilombola territories (identification, recognition, delimitation, demarcation, and titling of the lands of the remnants of quilombo communities)
DatePhaseWhat happened
October 1988Legal actArt. 68 of the ADCT recognizes definitive ownership of the lands occupied by remnants of quilombo communities.[21]
November 1995Legal actIncra Ordinance No. 307 requires the titling of quilombola lands, without detailing the procedure.[22]
November 1995ImplementationFirst title listed by Incra (Boa Vista, Oriximiná, PA).[30]
July 2000Legal actFCP Ordinance No. 40 establishes titling procedures by the Palmares Cultural Foundation.[23]
September 2001Legal actDecree No. 3,912/2001 regulates the procedure under the authority of the FCP.[24]
November 2003Legal actDecree No. 4,887/2003 passes federal authority to Incra and revokes Decree No. 3,912/2001.[1]
March 2004Legal actIncra Normative Instruction No. 16/2004 regulates the procedure.[31]
2004LaunchCreation of the Brasil Quilombola Program, coordinated by Seppir.[4]
November 2007Legal actDecree No. 6,261/2007 organizes the Quilombola Social Agenda within the Brasil Quilombola Program.[11]
March 2023Legal actDecree No. 11,447/2023 establishes the Aquilomba Brasil Program and revokes Decree No. 6,261/2007.[13]
November 2025ImplementationIncra partial title in the Alcântara territory (MA), whose RTID was published in 2008.[20]

How it works

Under Decree No. 4,887/2003, after the field work of identification and delimitation, INCRA publishes a notice twice consecutively in the Official Gazette (DOU) and in that of the federative unit, and interested parties have ninety days to contest the report; if there are no challenges or they are rejected, INCRA concludes the titling.[32]

Under Decree No. 4,887/2003, titling is done by a collective, undivided (pro indiviso) title to the communities, represented by their associations, with a mandatory clause of inalienability, imprescriptibility, and unseizability, and the issuance of the title and the registry entry by INCRA are done free of charge of any kind.[33]

The Brasil Quilombola Program document (Seppir, 2004) sets four axes of action, the first of which is Land Tenure Regularization, which involves resolving the problems related to the issuance of title to the lands by the remnant quilombo communities and is the basis for implementing development alternatives.[34]

According to the Incra questions-and-answers document (updated April 13, 2017), under INCRA Normative Instruction No. 57/2009 (art. 16) the Casa Civil (Chief of Staff's Office) of the Presidency of the Republic coordinates negotiations when there are substantive disputes between bodies in the interest conciliation phase.[35]

In the Incra table updated on August 8, 2025, the opening of the administrative process at Incra may occur on its own initiative or at the request of interested parties, quilombola entities, or associations, and there were 1,937 open processes in all Regional Superintendencies, except Roraima and Acre.[36]

According to the Incra table of August 8, 2025, the Technical Identification and Delimitation Report (RTID) is produced by a multidisciplinary Incra team to identify and delimit the claimed territory and, after approval by the Regional Decision Committee, is published by notice; as of that date Incra had published 345 RTID notices in the DOU, totaling 2,544,338.3730 hectares identified for the benefit of 40,391 families.[37]

According to the Incra table of August 8, 2025, after the contestation period and its judgment, the President of Incra publishes an ordinance recognizing and declaring the boundaries of the territory; as of that date 242 recognition ordinances had been published in the DOU, totaling 2,010,192.3100 hectares recognized for the benefit of 26,037 families.[38]

According to the Incra table of August 8, 2025, when the territory is on privately owned land a presidential decree of expropriation for social interest is required, followed by an appraisal and a judicial expropriation action for each property; on public lands this stage is unnecessary; as of that date the federal government had published 121 social interest decrees, expropriating 734,940.7880 hectares for the benefit of 15,971 families.[39]

According to Incra, in territories with more than one private property, each property appraised after the decree has its own court action, and Incra issues partial titles according to the rulings, unifying the property registrations when all the territory's partial titles have been issued.[40]

Budget and spending

Figures are nominal unless stated otherwise. Announced, authorized, committed, liquidated and paid amounts are different things and appear with the type indicated. In SIOP lines, "paid" means paid within the same fiscal year (arrears settled later are not counted), and one budget action can fund more than one program: the text says when the action is only part of a program.

According to the 2005 PPA evaluation, the Brasil Quilombola program had R$28,619,104.00 authorized (LOA plus credits) and R$9,852,141.00 in liquidated commitment in 2005, nominal values for the program as a whole (not only land tenure regularization).[41]

In 2002, according to SIOP, action 1642 (Recognition, Demarcation, and Titling of Remnant Quilombo Areas) had an authorized appropriation (law plus credits) of R$3,702,536 and an amount paid in the fiscal year of R$484,558, in nominal values.[42]

In 2003, according to SIOP, action 1642 (Recognition, Demarcation, and Titling of Remnant Quilombo Areas) had an authorized appropriation (law plus credits) of R$3,450,278 and an amount paid in the fiscal year of R$870,566, in nominal values.[43]

In 2006, according to SIOP, action 1642 (Recognition, Demarcation, and Titling of Remnant Quilombo Areas) had an authorized appropriation of R$2,754,295 and an amount paid of R$1,724,796, and action 0859 (Payment of Compensation to Occupants of Lands Demarcated and Titled to Quilombo Remnants) had an authorized appropriation of R$30,000,000 and an amount paid of R$4,436,904; nominal values, actions not summed.[44]

In 2014, according to SIOP, action 210Z (Recognition and Compensation of Quilombola Territories) had an authorized appropriation (law plus credits) of R$30,400,000 and an amount paid in the fiscal year of R$16,550,156, in nominal values.[45]

According to SIOP, action 210Z (Recognition and Compensation of Quilombola Territories) had in 2019 an authorized appropriation of R$3,423,082 and an amount paid of R$2,933,040, and in 2020 an authorized appropriation of R$29,939,588 and an amount paid of R$27,255,752, in nominal values.[46]

In 2023, according to SIOP, action 210Z (Recognition and Compensation of Quilombola Territories) had an authorized appropriation (law plus credits) of R$2,435,406 and an amount paid in the fiscal year of R$500,688, in nominal values.[47]

Observed results

A result observed during a term may have causes other than the program.

According to the Incra table updated on August 8, 2025, there were 384 titles issued to quilombola communities, by federal, state, and municipal bodies, regularizing 1,162,002.0645 hectares for the benefit of 245 territories, 396 communities, and 24,250 families; the title is the last stage of the process and occurs after the removal of non-quilombola occupants from the territory.[48]

The Incra table of titles issued to quilombola communities, last updated on June 15, 2026, totals 428 titles in 255 territories and 404 communities, 29,944 families, 1,810,366.7935 hectares of territory area, and 1,237,218.5834 hectares titled, including titles from federal, state, and municipal bodies.[49]

In the Incra Annual Result table, between 2011 and 2022 the figures are: 2011, 21 RTID, 10 ordinances, 1 decree, and 1 titling; 2012, 12, 4, 11, and 4; 2013, 7, 7, 10, and 13; 2014, 13, 18, 0, and 25; 2015, 31, 12, 14, and 16; 2016, 16, 22, 5, and 1; 2017, 35, 12, 0, and 30; 2018, 20, 15, 4, and 9; 2019, 9, 2, 0, and 5; 2020, 5, 1, 0, and 2; 2021, 13, 1, 1, and 0; 2022, 3, 4, 0, and 16 (in the order RTID, ordinance, decree, and titling).[50]

In the Incra progress document (print date September 3, 2026), the TOTAL row of the process table records 2,677,817.5756 hectares and 46,533 families, 378 RTID notices published, 261 RTIDs in preparation and 10 that did not need an RTID, 266 ordinances published and 13 that did not need one, 168 decrees published and 34 that did not need a decree, and 428 titles for 404 communities in 255 territories; the Annual Result table adds up to 378 RTID, 266 ordinances, 168 decrees, and 224 titlings, with 2,030 open processes and 649 with some progress; the totals for area and families refer to the whole set of Incra's actions and are not the sum of the stages.[51]

In Incra's list of open quilombola territory regularization processes updated on August 14, 2026, the total in Brazil is 2,030 processes.[52]

Limitations

According to the notes to Incra's table of titles, titles issued by the FCP on July 14, 2000, among them Kalunga and Mata Cavalo, were not registered at a notary's office by the FCP, which also did not remove non-quilombola third parties, and were removed from the listing to avoid double-counting of titled area, since all these territories have already been decreed for expropriation for social interest and INCRA is acquiring the properties within the territory and titling them in the name of the community.[53]

The evaluation of the PPA for 2005 points to the need to concentrate efforts on land tenure regularization actions, because the results achieved in 2005 fell well short of expectations, and records as constraints the budget freeze and an executing team in which more than 80% were consultants.[54]

Ipea (Políticas Sociais No. 18, 2010) records that the MDA received most of the program's resources in 2008 and executed only 13.26%, and links the low execution to the nonpayment of compensation to the occupants of the lands, because the procedural phases of expropriation had not been completed.[55]

According to Ipea (2010), the titling process carried out by Incra/MDA did not keep pace with the official recognition of communities: by 2008 the FCP had issued 1,093 certificates of registration in the General Registry of Remnants of Quilombo Communities.[56]

Ipea (2010) assesses that Incra Normative Instruction No. 49/2008 made the titling process slower, by requiring new details in the anthropological report, and records, with Incra data, 16 titles issued in 2008 (in Pará, Piauí, and Maranhão) and no community titled in the first half of 2009.[57]

Context

According to the Brasil Quilombola Program document published by Seppir in 2004, the 1st National Meeting of Rural Black Quilombola Communities was held in Brasília in November 1995 and preceded the Zumbi dos Palmares March, which on November 20, 1995 brought together about thirty thousand people in the Three Powers Plaza.[58]

The Brasil Quilombola Program document, published by Seppir in 2004, recorded that only 71 communities, out of a total of 743 officially registered communities, had gone through titling processes.[59]

Ipea (2010) records that the rural caucus (bancada ruralista) managed to remove from the text of the Racial Equality Statute approved in the Chamber of Deputies the provisions on the regularization of quilombola lands.[60]

Ipea (2010) records that Adin No. 3,239 was filed in 2004 by the DEM against Federal Decree No. 4,887/2003, which regulates the procedure for the delimitation, demarcation, and titling of lands occupied by remnants of quilombo communities.[61]

The Incra questions-and-answers document (updated April 13, 2017) reports that Pará, Bahia, Maranhão, Mato Grosso do Sul, Piauí, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, Mato Grosso, Goiás, Espírito Santo, Sergipe, Rio Grande do Sul, and Santa Catarina have specific laws to regularize quilombola territories.[62]

According to an IBGE publication with 2022 Census data, the quilombola population residing in Brazil was 1,330,186 people; 167,769 lived in officially delimited quilombola territories and 1,162,417 outside them.[63]

Methodology

The Incra table of titles states that communities and families already counted in the first title of a territory are not recounted in subsequent titles, and that territories may receive more than one title (from different bodies, expansion, property-by-property titling after a court action, or a discontinuous territory), with the percentage already titled indicated.[64]

Sources and evidence

Excerpts are quoted in the original language of the source.

  1. 1. Decree No. 4,887 of November 20, 2003 assigned to the Ministry of Agrarian Development, through INCRA, the identification, recognition, delimitation, demarcation, and titling of the lands occupied by the remnants of quilombo communities, without prejudice to the concurrent authority of the States, the Federal District, and the Municipalities.

    • Decreto nº 4.887, de 20 de novembro de 2003 (publicação original) · Chamber of Deputies, Computerized Legislation Official legal act
      Where: art. 3, caput. Accessed October 14, 2026.
      “Art. 3º Compete ao Ministério do Desenvolvimento Agrário, por meio do Instituto Nacional de Colonização e Reforma Agrária - INCRA, a identificação, reconhecimento, delimitação, demarcação e titulação das terras ocupadas pelos remanescentes das comunidades dos quilombos, sem prejuízo da competência concorrente dos Estados, do Distrito Federal e dos Municípios.”
  2. 2. Decree No. 4,887/2003 defines the remnants of quilombo communities according to self-attribution criteria, provides that the characterization be attested by the community's own self-definition, and that this self-definition be entered in the General Registry at the Palmares Cultural Foundation, which issues the respective certificate.

    • Decreto nº 4.887, de 20 de novembro de 2003 (publicação original) · Chamber of Deputies, Computerized Legislation Official legal act
      Where: art. 2, caput and § 1. Accessed October 14, 2026.
      “Art. 2º Consideram-se remanescentes das comunidades dos quilombos, para os fins deste Decreto, os grupos étnico-raciais, segundo critérios de auto-atribuição, com trajetória histórica própria, dotados de relações territoriais específicas, com presunção de ancestralidade negra relacionada com a resistência à opressão histórica sofrida. § 1º Para os fins deste Decreto, a caracterização dos remanescentes das comunidades dos quilombos será atestada mediante autodefinição da própria comunidade.”
    • Decreto nº 4.887, de 20 de novembro de 2003 (publicação original) · Chamber of Deputies, Computerized Legislation Official legal act
      Where: art. 3, § 4. Accessed October 14, 2026.
      “§ 4º A autodefinição de que trata o § 1º do art. 2º deste Decreto será inscrita no Cadastro Geral junto à Fundação Cultural Palmares, que expedirá certidão respectiva na forma do regulamento.”
  3. 3. Decree No. 4,887/2003 revoked Decree No. 3,912 of September 10, 2001; it was signed by Luiz Inácio Lula da Silva, Gilberto Gil, Miguel Soldatelli Rossetto, and José Dirceu de Oliveira e Silva and published in the Official Gazette (DOU) of November 21, 2003; the Chamber of Deputies record shows its origin in the Executive Branch and refers to ADIN No. 3239/2004.

  4. 4. According to the Seppir document of 2004, the Brasil Quilombola Program was created in 2004 to coordinate government actions for remnant quilombo communities, coordinated by Seppir with the Undersecretariat for Policies for Traditional Communities and with 21 bodies of the federal public administration.

    • Programa Brasil Quilombola (Seppir, Brasília, 2004) · Special Secretariat for Policies to Promote Racial Equality (Seppir); copy hosted by DHnet Official record
      Where: p. 15. Accessed October 14, 2026.
      “Em 2004, é criado o Programa Brasil Quilombola, cuja finalidade precípua é coordenar as ações governamentais para as comunidades remanescentes de quilombo por meio de articulações transversais, setoriais e interinstitucionais, com ênfase na participação da sociedade civil.”
    • Programa Brasil Quilombola (Seppir, Brasília, 2004) · Special Secretariat for Policies to Promote Racial Equality (Seppir); copy hosted by DHnet Official record
      Where: p. 15. Accessed October 14, 2026.
      “O Programa é coordenado por meio Seppir, junto à da Subsecretaria de Políticas para Comunidades Tradicionais e conta com 21 órgãos da administração pública federal.”
  5. 5. Decree No. 4,887/2003 provides for inspection and appraisal for the expropriation, where applicable, of properties with valid private ownership title within the territory, and provides that, if the lands belong to the States, the Federal District, or the Municipalities, INCRA forwards the case files to the entities responsible for titling.

    • Decreto nº 4.887, de 20 de novembro de 2003 (publicação original) · Chamber of Deputies, Computerized Legislation Official legal act
      Where: art. 12. Accessed October 14, 2026.
      “Art. 12. Em sendo constatado que as terras ocupadas por remanescentes das comunidades dos quilombos incidem sobre terras de propriedade dos Estados, do Distrito Federal ou dos Municípios, o INCRA encaminhará os autos para os entes responsáveis pela titulação.”
    • Decreto nº 4.887, de 20 de novembro de 2003 (publicação original) · Chamber of Deputies, Computerized Legislation Official legal act
      Where: art. 13, caput. Accessed October 14, 2026.
      “Art. 13. Incidindo nos territórios ocupados por remanescentes das comunidades dos quilombos título de domínio particular não invalidado por nulidade, prescrição ou comisso, e nem tornado ineficaz por outros fundamentos, será realizada vistoria e avaliação do imóvel, objetivando a adoção dos atos necessários à sua desapropriação, quando couber.”
  6. 6. In the Incra Annual Result table (progress of the processes, print date September 3, 2026), the period from 1995 to 2003 appears aggregated, with 0 RTID, 0 ordinances, 0 decrees, and 7 titlings; in 2004, 0 RTID, 0 ordinances, 0 decrees, and 2 titlings; in 2005, 16 RTID, 2 ordinances, 0 decrees, and 0 titlings; in 2006, 17 RTID, 8 ordinances, 2 decrees, and 3 titlings.

  7. 7. The Annual Evaluation Report of the 2004 to 2007 PPA (base year 2005) records, as a result of the Brasil Quilombola program in 2005, the land tenure regularization of 2 communities: Conceição do Macacoari (Macapá, AP), with 61 families, and Olho d'Água dos Pires (Esperantina, PI), with 50 families.

  8. 8. In the Incra Annual Result table, 2007 shows 20 RTID, 14 ordinances, 0 decrees, and 2 titlings; 2008, 17 RTID, 14 ordinances, 0 decrees, and 2 titlings; 2009, 24 RTID, 9 ordinances, 30 decrees, and 4 titlings; 2010, 27 RTID, 9 ordinances, 11 decrees, and 6 titlings.

  9. 9. Ipea (2010) reports that, cumulatively from 2005, about 800 regularization cases had been opened at Incra's regional offices, with 106 titles issued and 40 recognition ordinances published, totaling 216,068.0231 hectares recognized for the benefit of 3,755 families.

    • Políticas Sociais: acompanhamento e análise nº 18 (Ipea, 2010), capítulo Igualdade Racial · Institute for Applied Economic Research (Ipea) Academic study
      Where: section on the Brasil Quilombola Program. Accessed October 14, 2026.
      “No total, considerando o acumulado a partir de 2005, cerca de 800 processos foram abertos pleiteando a regularização fundiária de territórios quilombolas, em todas as superintendências regionais do Incra, exceto Roraima, Pará e Acre. Foram emitidos 106 títulos e publicadas 40 portarias de reconhecimento do território, totalizando 216.068,0231 hectares reconhecidos em benefício de 3.755 famílias.”
  10. 10. In 2010, according to SIOP, action 1642 (Recognition and Demarcation of Remnant Quilombo Areas) had an authorized appropriation of R$10,000,000 and an amount paid of R$3,273,790, and action 0859 (Payment of Compensation to Occupants of Lands Demarcated and Titled to Quilombo Remnants) had an authorized appropriation of R$43,559,000 and an amount paid of R$10,386,063; nominal values, actions not summed.

    • SIOP, consulta SPARQL: execução das ações 1642, 0859 e 210Z no exercício 2010 · Ministry of Planning and Budget (SIOP, open budget data) Budget and spending
      Where: CSV row (fiscal year 2010, action 1642); columns: exercicio, codAcao, descAcao, loa, lei_mais_credito, empenhado, liquidado, pago. Accessed October 14, 2026.
      “2010,"1642","Reconhecimento e Demarcação das Áreas Remanescentes de Quilombos",10000000,10000000,4550163,4550163,3273790”
    • SIOP, consulta SPARQL: execução das ações 1642, 0859 e 210Z no exercício 2010 · Ministry of Planning and Budget (SIOP, open budget data) Budget and spending
      Where: CSV row (fiscal year 2010, action 0859). Accessed October 14, 2026.
      “2010,"0859","Pagamento de Indenização aos Ocupantes das Terras Demarcadas e Tituladas aos Remanescentes de Quilombos",54200000,43559000,25875325,25875325,10386063”
  11. 11. Decree No. 6,261 of November 20, 2007 provided for the integrated management of the Quilombola Social Agenda, implemented through the Brasil Quilombola Program under the coordination of the Special Secretariat for Policies to Promote Racial Equality, with actions aimed at access to land, infrastructure and quality of life, productive inclusion and local development, and citizenship.

    • Decreto nº 6.261, de 20 de novembro de 2007 (publicação original) · Chamber of Deputies, Computerized Legislation Official legal act
      Where: summary and art. 1. Accessed October 14, 2026.
      “Art. 1º As ações que constituem a Agenda Social Quilombola, implementada por meio do Programa Brasil Quilombola, serão desenvolvidas de forma integrada pelos diversos órgãos do Governo Federal”
    • Decreto nº 6.261, de 20 de novembro de 2007 (publicação original) · Chamber of Deputies, Computerized Legislation Official legal act
      Where: art. 1 (end) and art. 2. Accessed October 14, 2026.
      “sob a coordenação da Secretaria Especial de Políticas de Promoção da Igualdade Racial. Art. 2º A Agenda Social Quilombola compreenderá ações voltadas: I - ao acesso a terra; II - à infra-estrutura e qualidade de vida; III - à inclusão produtiva e desenvolvimento local; e IV - à cidadania.”
  12. 12. Decree No. 6,261/2007 established the Management Committee of the Quilombola Social Agenda, coordinated by the Special Secretariat for Policies to Promote Racial Equality and made up, among others, of the Casa Civil (Chief of Staff's Office) and the Ministry of Agrarian Development, and provided, in coordination with the National Council for the Promotion of Racial Equality (CNPIR), for the improvement of the mechanisms of social oversight and civil society participation.

    • Decreto nº 6.261, de 20 de novembro de 2007 (publicação original) · Chamber of Deputies, Computerized Legislation Official legal act
      Where: art. 6, items I to III. Accessed October 14, 2026.
      “Art. 6º O Comitê de Gestão da Agenda Social Quilombola será integrado por um representante e respectivo suplente de cada órgão a seguir indicado: I - Secretaria Especial de Políticas de Promoção da Igualdade Racial, que o coordenará; II - Casa Civil da Presidência da República; III - Ministério do Desenvolvimento Agrário;”
    • Decreto nº 6.261, de 20 de novembro de 2007 (publicação original) · Chamber of Deputies, Computerized Legislation Official legal act
      Where: art. 8. Accessed October 14, 2026.
      “Art. 8º A Secretaria Especial de Política de Promoção da Igualdade Racial e o Comitê Gestor, em articulação com o Conselho Nacional de Promoção da Igualdade Racial - CNPIR, promoverão o aperfeiçoamento dos mecanismos de controle social e de participação da sociedade civil”
  13. 13. Decree No. 11,447 of March 21, 2023 established the Aquilomba Brasil Program, coordinated by the Ministry of Racial Equality, with an axis of access to land and territory and the objective of guaranteeing the land tenure regularization of quilombola territories through an action plan with a national titling agenda, and revoked Decree No. 6,261 of November 20, 2007.

    • Decreto nº 11.447, de 21 de março de 2023 (publicação original) · Chamber of Deputies, Computerized Legislation Official legal act
      Where: art. 1 and art. 2, sole paragraph. Accessed October 14, 2026.
      “Art. 1º Fica instituído o Programa Aquilomba Brasil, no âmbito da administração pública federal, com a finalidade de promover medidas intersetoriais para a garantia dos direitos da população quilombola no País.”
    • Decreto nº 11.447, de 21 de março de 2023 (publicação original) · Chamber of Deputies, Computerized Legislation Official legal act
      Where: art. 2, sole paragraph. Accessed October 14, 2026.
      “Parágrafo único. O Programa Aquilomba Brasil será coordenado pelo Ministério da Igualdade Racial.”
    • Decreto nº 11.447, de 21 de março de 2023 (publicação original) · Chamber of Deputies, Computerized Legislation Official legal act
      Where: art. 4, I, and art. 5, I. Accessed October 14, 2026.
      “Art. 5º São objetivos do Programa Aquilomba Brasil: I - garantir a regularização fundiária dos territórios quilombolas, especialmente por meio da elaboração, por todos os órgãos competentes envolvidos, de um plano de ação que desenvolva uma agenda nacional de titulação;”
    • Decreto nº 11.447, de 21 de março de 2023 (publicação original) · Chamber of Deputies, Computerized Legislation Official legal act
      Where: art. 4. Accessed October 14, 2026.
      “Art. 4º O Programa Aquilomba Brasil compreenderá ações destinadas aos seguintes eixos temáticos: I - acesso à terra e ao território;”
    • Decreto nº 11.447, de 21 de março de 2023 (publicação original) · Chamber of Deputies, Computerized Legislation Official legal act
      Where: art. 17. Accessed October 14, 2026.
      “Art. 17. Fica revogado o Decreto nº 6.261, de 20 de novembro de 2007.”
  14. 14. According to the CGU, the Steering Committee of the Aquilomba Brasil Program created the Titling Working Group (GT Titulação), with representatives of the Ministry of Racial Equality, the Ministry of Agrarian Development and Family Farming, Incra, and the Palmares Cultural Foundation, and with the participation of the SPU and the Ministry of the Environment, to prepare the National Titling Plan; the group was established by Resolution No. 01 of the Steering Committee, of April 18, 2023, and held its first meeting on May 26, 2023.

  15. 15. FCP Ordinance No. 75 of April 5, 2023 revoked Ordinance No. 57 of March 31, 2022, which had established the General Registry of Quilombo Remnants and the procedures for issuing the self-definition certificate, and reinstated Ordinance No. 98 of November 26, 2007.

  16. 16. According to SIOP, action 210Z (Recognition and Compensation of Quilombola Territories) had in 2021 an authorized appropriation of R$318,008 and an amount paid of R$160,030, and in 2022 an authorized appropriation of R$505,000 and an amount paid of R$377,860, in nominal values.

  17. 17. According to SIOP, action 210Z, renamed Identification, Recognition, and Titling of Quilombola Territories, had in 2024 an authorized appropriation of R$59,384,077, commitment of R$59,324,334, and an amount paid in the fiscal year of R$26,393,007; in 2025, an authorized appropriation of R$88,889,259, commitment of R$88,882,279, and an amount paid in the fiscal year of R$17,844,265; nominal values, excluding carryover payables.

    • SIOP, consulta SPARQL: execução das ações 1642, 0859 e 210Z no exercício 2024 · Ministry of Planning and Budget (SIOP, open budget data) Budget and spending
      Where: CSV row (fiscal year 2024, action 210Z); columns: exercicio, codAcao, descAcao, loa, lei_mais_credito, empenhado, liquidado, pago. Accessed October 14, 2026.
      “2024,"210Z","Identificação, Reconhecimento e Titulação de Territórios Quilombolas",144332268,59384077,59324334,28001904,26393007”
    • SIOP, consulta SPARQL: execução das ações 1642, 0859 e 210Z no exercício 2025 · Ministry of Planning and Budget (SIOP, open budget data) Budget and spending
      Where: CSV row (fiscal year 2025, action 210Z). Accessed October 14, 2026.
      “2025,"210Z","Identificação, Reconhecimento e Titulação de Territórios Quilombolas",108696268,88889259,88882279,20395168,17844265”
  18. 18. In the Incra Annual Result table (print date September 3, 2026), 2023 shows 12 RTID, 52 ordinances, 1 decree, and 11 titlings; 2024, 15 RTID, 21 ordinances, 31 decrees, and 21 titlings; 2025, 24 RTID, 16 ordinances, 28 decrees, and 20 titlings; 2026, up to the date of the document, 21 RTID, 13 ordinances, 19 decrees, and 24 titlings.

  19. 19. In the Incra table of August 8, 2025, of the titled area, the federal government alone titled 231,394.0246 hectares (through INCRA, FCP, and SPU); state governments alone titled 908,612.2033 hectares (through bodies such as ITERPA, ITESP, ITERMA, and INTERPI); federal and state governments jointly titled 21,990.6882 hectares; and municipal governments, 5.1484 hectares.

  20. 20. According to Incra, in the Alcântara territory (MA), with 78,105.3466 hectares and 3,350 families, the RTID notices were published on November 4, 2008 and November 5, 2008, and INCRA issued a partial title on November 12, 2025, with 45,931.3983 hectares, 59% of the territory's area.

  21. 21. Art. 68 of the Act of Transitional Constitutional Provisions of the 1988 Constitution recognizes that the remnants of quilombo communities who are occupying their lands have definitive ownership and requires the State to issue them the respective titles.

  22. 22. According to the Brasil Quilombola Program document (Seppir, 2004), Incra published Ordinance No. 307 of November 22, 1995, which required the titling of quilombola lands without specifying in detail the procedure to be adopted.

    • Programa Brasil Quilombola (Seppir, Brasília, 2004) · Special Secretariat for Policies to Promote Racial Equality (Seppir); copy hosted by DHnet Official record
      Where: p. 13. Accessed October 14, 2026.
      “Ante as demandas para regularização fundiária, o Incra publicou a Portaria nº 307 de 22 de novembro de 1995, a qual determinava que se efetuasse a titulação das terras quilombolas sem especificar de maneira detalhada o procedimento a ser adotado.”
  23. 23. According to the Brasil Quilombola Program document (Seppir, 2004), in 1999 the federal government decided to transfer the authority for titling quilombo lands to the Ministry of Culture, through the Palmares Cultural Foundation, which on July 13, 2000 published internal ordinance No. 40 with procedures for identification, delimitation, demarcation, and titling.

    • Programa Brasil Quilombola (Seppir, Brasília, 2004) · Special Secretariat for Policies to Promote Racial Equality (Seppir); copy hosted by DHnet Official record
      Where: p. 14. Accessed October 14, 2026.
      “As poucas iniciativas foram interrompidas pelo Incra em 1999 quando da decisão do governo federal de transferir a competência de titulação das terras de quilombo para o Ministério da Cultura, por meio da Fundação Cultural Palmares.”
    • Programa Brasil Quilombola (Seppir, Brasília, 2004) · Special Secretariat for Policies to Promote Racial Equality (Seppir); copy hosted by DHnet Official record
      Where: p. 14. Accessed October 14, 2026.
      “Em 13 de Julho de 2000, a Fundação Cultural Palmares publicou a portaria interna de nº 40 (DOU de 14 de julho de 2000), visando estabelecer procedimentos administrativos para a identificação e reconhecimento das comunidades remanescentes de quilombos e para a delimitação, demarcação e titulação das áreas por eles ocupadas.”
  24. 24. Decree No. 3,912 of September 10, 2001, signed by Fernando Henrique Cardoso, assigned to the Palmares Cultural Foundation the task of initiating, following up on, and concluding the process of identification, recognition, delimitation, demarcation, titling, and registration of quilombola lands, and limited recognition to lands occupied by quilombos in 1888 and by remnants on October 5, 1988.

    • Decreto nº 3.912, de 10 de setembro de 2001 (cópia do Planalto no Internet Archive) · Presidency of the Republic (Planalto) Official legal act
      Read from an archived copy (Internet Archive (Wayback Machine), captured December 7, 2020); original address: www.planalto.gov.br. The cited address carries only the year; the service redirects to snapshot 20201207054505, which is the one used in the verification. The archive preserves the copy; the author is Presidency of the Republic (Planalto).
      Where: art. 1 and sole paragraph. Accessed October 14, 2026.
      “Art. 1 o Compete à Fundação Cultural Palmares - FCP iniciar, dar seguimento e concluir o processo administrativo de identificação dos remanescentes das comunidades dos quilombos, bem como de reconhecimento, delimitação, demarcação, titulação e registro imobiliário das terras por eles ocupadas.”
    • Decreto nº 3.912, de 10 de setembro de 2001 (cópia do Planalto no Internet Archive) · Presidency of the Republic (Planalto) Official legal act
      Read from an archived copy (Internet Archive (Wayback Machine), captured December 7, 2020); original address: www.planalto.gov.br. The cited address carries only the year; the service redirects to snapshot 20201207054505, which is the one used in the verification. The archive preserves the copy; the author is Presidency of the Republic (Planalto).
      Where: art. 1, sole paragraph. Accessed October 14, 2026.
      “somente pode ser reconhecida a propriedade sobre terras que: I - eram ocupadas por quilombos em 1888; e II - estavam ocupadas por remanescentes das comunidades dos quilombos em 5 de outubro de 1988.”
    • Decreto nº 3.912, de 10 de setembro de 2001 (cópia do Planalto no Internet Archive) · Presidency of the Republic (Planalto) Official legal act
      Read from an archived copy (Internet Archive (Wayback Machine), captured December 7, 2020); original address: www.planalto.gov.br. The cited address carries only the year; the service redirects to snapshot 20201207054505, which is the one used in the verification. The archive preserves the copy; the author is Presidency of the Republic (Planalto).
      Where: closing and signatures. Accessed October 14, 2026.
      “Brasília, 10 de setembro de 2001; 180 o da Independência e 113 o da República. FERNANDO HENRIQUE CARDOSO Francisco Weffort”
  25. 25. According to Incra's page on quilombolas, under Decree No. 4,887 of 2003 Incra is the federal agency responsible for the titling of quilombola territories, the responsibility is concurrent among the Union, the States, the Federal District, and the Municipalities, and the policy is led by the Directorate of Quilombola Territories.

    • Quilombolas (página do Incra, Governança Fundiária) · National Institute for Colonization and Agrarian Reform (Incra) Official record
      Where: page text (modified on September 21, 2026). Accessed October 14, 2026.
      “Por força do Decreto nº 4.887 de 2003 , o Incra é a autarquia competente, na esfera federal, pela titulação dos territórios quilombolas.”
    • Quilombolas (página do Incra, Governança Fundiária) · National Institute for Colonization and Agrarian Reform (Incra) Official record
      Where: text of the page. Accessed October 14, 2026.
      “É importante esclarecer que a atribuição de promover a identificação, regularização e titulação das comunidades quilombolas é concorrente da União, dos Estados, do Distrito Federal e dos Municípios”
    • Quilombolas (página do Incra, Governança Fundiária) · National Institute for Colonization and Agrarian Reform (Incra) Official record
      Where: text of the page. Accessed October 14, 2026.
      “A unidade do instituto que conduz a política relacionada ao tema é a Diretoria de Territórios Quilombolas”
  26. 26. According to the CGU (report of December 21, 2023), the Palmares Cultural Foundation relies on the group's self-identification and, after issuing the self-definition certificate, issues the Certificate of Registration in the General Registry of Quilombola Remnants, which may be issued before or after the opening of the titling process at Incra's Regional Superintendency.

  27. 27. In ADI 3239, the rapporteur Cezar Peluso voted in 2012 to grant the action; on February 8, 2018, the Full Court of the STF, by majority and in the terms of the vote of Justice Rosa Weber, dismissed the claims against Decree No. 4,887/2003, with the rapporteur and, in part, Justices Dias Toffoli and Gilmar Mendes outvoted; in December 2019 the motions for clarification were not admitted.

    • ADI 3239: andamentos e decisões (portal do Supremo Tribunal Federal) · Supreme Federal Court (STF) Official record
      Where: judgment decision of February 8, 2018. Accessed October 14, 2026.
      “08/02/2018 Improcedente Decisão de Julgamento TRIBUNAL PLENO Decisão: Preliminarmente, o Tribunal, por maioria, conheceu da ação direta, vencidos os Ministros Marco Aurélio e Ricardo Lewandowski. No mérito, o Tribunal, por maioria e nos termos do voto da Ministra Rosa Weber, que redigirá o acórdão, julgou improcedentes os pedidos, vencidos o Ministro Cezar Peluso (Relator), e, em parte, os Ministros Dias Toffoli e Gilmar Mendes.”
    • ADI 3239: andamentos e decisões (portal do Supremo Tribunal Federal) · Supreme Federal Court (STF) Official record
      Where: decision of April 18, 2012. Accessed October 14, 2026.
      “18/04/2012 Vista ao(à) Ministro(a) Decisão de Julgamento MIN. ROSA WEBER ROSA WEBER - Decisão: Após o voto do Relator, Senhor Ministro Cezar Peluso (Presidente), julgando procedente a ação para declarar a inconstitucionalidade do Decreto nº 4.887/2003”
    • ADI 3239: andamentos e decisões (portal do Supremo Tribunal Federal) · Supreme Federal Court (STF) Official record
      Where: decision of December 13, 2019 (motions for clarification). Accessed October 14, 2026.
      “13/12/2019 Embargos não conhecidos Decisão de Julgamento TRIBUNAL PLENO - SESSÃO VIRTUAL Decisão: O Tribunal, por maioria, não conheceu dos embargos de declaração, nos termos do voto da Relatora, vencido o Ministro Marco Aurélio.”
  28. 28. The CGU (evaluation report of December 21, 2023) carried out the work because of the relevance of the policy and the slowness with which regularization processes proceed, and concluded that the performance of the SQPT (the secretariat responsible for quilombolas) is hampered by the absence of a unified digital tool that reports the stages of processing of cases at INCRA and by weaknesses in internal controls; it recommended that Incra develop an information tool on the processes.

  29. 29. Decree No. 4,887/2003 ensures that the remnants of quilombo communities participate in all phases of the administrative procedure and assigns to the Special Secretariat for Policies to Promote Racial Equality and the Palmares Cultural Foundation the task of assisting and accompanying the Ministry of Agrarian Development and INCRA in land regularization actions.

    • Decreto nº 4.887, de 20 de novembro de 2003 (publicação original) · Chamber of Deputies, Computerized Legislation Official legal act
      Where: art. 4. Accessed October 14, 2026.
      “Art. 4º Compete à Secretaria Especial de Políticas de Promoção da Igualdade Racial, da Presidência da República, assistir e acompanhar o Ministério do Desenvolvimento Agrário e o INCRA nas ações de regularização fundiária”
    • Decreto nº 4.887, de 20 de novembro de 2003 (publicação original) · Chamber of Deputies, Computerized Legislation Official legal act
      Where: arts. 5 and 6. Accessed October 14, 2026.
      “Art. 5º Compete ao Ministério da Cultura, por meio da Fundação Cultural Palmares, assistir e acompanhar o Ministério do Desenvolvimento Agrário e o INCRA nas ações de regularização fundiária”
    • Decreto nº 4.887, de 20 de novembro de 2003 (publicação original) · Chamber of Deputies, Computerized Legislation Official legal act
      Where: art. 6. Accessed October 14, 2026.
      “Art. 6º Fica assegurada aos remanescentes das comunidades dos quilombos a participação em todas as fases do procedimento administrativo, diretamente ou por meio de representantes por eles indicados.”
  30. 30. According to the table of titles issued to quilombola communities maintained by Incra, the first title listed is that of the Boa Vista territory (Oriximiná, PA), issued by INCRA on November 20, 1995, with 1,125.0341 hectares and 112 families.

    • Títulos expedidos às comunidades quilombolas (Incra/DQ, última atualização em 15/06/2026) · National Institute for Colonization and Agrarian Reform (Incra), Directorate of Quilombola Territories Official record
      Where: p. 1, header and row no. 1 (columns: order number, territory, community, municipality, state (UF), number of communities, number of families, territory area, issuing body, title area, date, % titled). Accessed October 14, 2026.
      “1 Boa Vista Boa Vista Oriximiná PA 1 112 1.125,0341 INCRA 1.125,0341 20/11/1995 100%”
  31. 31. The Brasil Quilombola Program document (Seppir, 2004) reproduces in an annex Normative Instruction No. 16 of March 24, 2004, approved by Resolution/CD No. 6/2004, which regulates the procedure for identification, recognition, delimitation, demarcation, and titling of quilombola lands.

    • Programa Brasil Quilombola (Seppir, Brasília, 2004) · Special Secretariat for Policies to Promote Racial Equality (Seppir); copy hosted by DHnet Official record
      Where: p. 43, annex III. Accessed October 14, 2026.
      “III. Instrução Normativa N.º 16, de 24 de março de 2004 Aprovada pela Resolução/CD nº 6/2004 – D.O.U nº 78, de 26.4.2004, seção 1, p.64 Regulamenta o procedimento para identificação,reconhecimento, delimitação, demarcação e titulação das terras ocupadas por remanescentes das comunidades dos quilombos”
  32. 32. Under Decree No. 4,887/2003, after the field work of identification and delimitation, INCRA publishes a notice twice consecutively in the Official Gazette (DOU) and in that of the federative unit, and interested parties have ninety days to contest the report; if there are no challenges or they are rejected, INCRA concludes the titling.

    • Decreto nº 4.887, de 20 de novembro de 2003 (publicação original) · Chamber of Deputies, Computerized Legislation Official legal act
      Where: art. 7, main provision. Accessed October 14, 2026.
      “Art. 7º O INCRA, após concluir os trabalhos de campo de identificação, delimitação e levantamento ocupacional e cartorial, publicará edital por duas vezes consecutivas no Diário Oficial da União e no Diário Oficial da unidade federada onde se localiza a área sob estudo”
    • Decreto nº 4.887, de 20 de novembro de 2003 (publicação original) · Chamber of Deputies, Computerized Legislation Official legal act
      Where: art. 9. Accessed October 14, 2026.
      “Art. 9º Todos os interessados terão o prazo de noventa dias, após a publicação e notificações a que se refere o art. 7º, para oferecer contestações ao relatório, juntando as provas pertinentes. Parágrafo único. Não havendo impugnações ou sendo elas rejeitadas, o INCRA concluirá o trabalho de titulação da terra ocupada pelos remanescentes das comunidades dos quilombos.”
  33. 33. Under Decree No. 4,887/2003, titling is done by a collective, undivided (pro indiviso) title to the communities, represented by their associations, with a mandatory clause of inalienability, imprescriptibility, and unseizability, and the issuance of the title and the registry entry by INCRA are done free of charge of any kind.

    • Decreto nº 4.887, de 20 de novembro de 2003 (publicação original) · Chamber of Deputies, Computerized Legislation Official legal act
      Where: art. 17. Accessed October 14, 2026.
      “Art. 17. A titulação prevista neste Decreto será reconhecida e registrada mediante outorga de título coletivo e pró-indiviso às comunidades a que se refere o art. 2º, caput , com obrigatória inserção de cláusula de inalienabilidade, imprescritibilidade e de impenhorabilidade. Parágrafo único. As comunidades serão representadas por suas associações legalmente constituídas.”
    • Decreto nº 4.887, de 20 de novembro de 2003 (publicação original) · Chamber of Deputies, Computerized Legislation Official legal act
      Where: art. 22, main provision. Accessed October 14, 2026.
      “Art. 22. A expedição do título e o registro cadastral a ser procedido pelo INCRA far-se-ão sem ônus de qualquer espécie, independentemente do tamanho da área.”
  34. 34. The Brasil Quilombola Program document (Seppir, 2004) sets four axes of action, the first of which is Land Tenure Regularization, which involves resolving the problems related to the issuance of title to the lands by the remnant quilombo communities and is the basis for implementing development alternatives.

    • Programa Brasil Quilombola (Seppir, Brasília, 2004) · Special Secretariat for Policies to Promote Racial Equality (Seppir); copy hosted by DHnet Official record
      Where: p. 16. Accessed October 14, 2026.
      “permitiram aos gestores públicos estabelecer quatro eixos para o delineamento das ações junto às comunidades remanescentes de quilombo, quais sejam: • Regularização Fundiária – implica na resolução dos problemas relativos a emissão do título de posse das terras pelas comunidades remanescentes de quilombo e é a base para a implantação de alternativas de desenvolvimento”
  35. 35. According to the Incra questions-and-answers document (updated April 13, 2017), under INCRA Normative Instruction No. 57/2009 (art. 16) the Casa Civil (Chief of Staff's Office) of the Presidency of the Republic coordinates negotiations when there are substantive disputes between bodies in the interest conciliation phase.

    • Regularização de território quilombola: perguntas e respostas (Incra, atualizado em 13/04/2017) · National Institute for Colonization and Agrarian Reform (Incra) Official record
      Where: p. 14, How does the phase of conciliating interests with other bodies work?. Accessed October 14, 2026.
      “De acordo com a Instrução Normativa do INCRA nº 57/2009 (art. 16), a Casa Civil da Presidência da República coordenará as negociações quando houver controvérsias em se tratando do mérito.”
  36. 36. In the Incra table updated on August 8, 2025, the opening of the administrative process at Incra may occur on its own initiative or at the request of interested parties, quilombola entities, or associations, and there were 1,937 open processes in all Regional Superintendencies, except Roraima and Acre.

  37. 37. According to the Incra table of August 8, 2025, the Technical Identification and Delimitation Report (RTID) is produced by a multidisciplinary Incra team to identify and delimit the claimed territory and, after approval by the Regional Decision Committee, is published by notice; as of that date Incra had published 345 RTID notices in the DOU, totaling 2,544,338.3730 hectares identified for the benefit of 40,391 families.

  38. 38. According to the Incra table of August 8, 2025, after the contestation period and its judgment, the President of Incra publishes an ordinance recognizing and declaring the boundaries of the territory; as of that date 242 recognition ordinances had been published in the DOU, totaling 2,010,192.3100 hectares recognized for the benefit of 26,037 families.

  39. 39. According to the Incra table of August 8, 2025, when the territory is on privately owned land a presidential decree of expropriation for social interest is required, followed by an appraisal and a judicial expropriation action for each property; on public lands this stage is unnecessary; as of that date the federal government had published 121 social interest decrees, expropriating 734,940.7880 hectares for the benefit of 15,971 families.

  40. 40. According to Incra, in territories with more than one private property, each property appraised after the decree has its own court action, and Incra issues partial titles according to the rulings, unifying the property registrations when all the territory's partial titles have been issued.

    • Regularização de território quilombola: perguntas e respostas (Incra, atualizado em 13/04/2017) · National Institute for Colonization and Agrarian Reform (Incra) Official record
      Where: p. 15, How is expropriation for social interest carried out?. Accessed October 14, 2026.
      “Alguns territórios são compostos por mais de um imóvel particular. Cada um desses imóveis avaliados após o decreto tem uma ação própria ajuizada. Assim, conforme as sentenças são emitidas pelo juiz, para garantir a celeridade do processo, o INCRA procede a destinação do imóvel, emitindo títulos parciais do território, para garantir o acesso à terra das comunidades quilombolas. Quando todos os títulos parciais referentes a um território são emitidos, o INCRA unifica as matrículas em uma única.”
  41. 41. According to the 2005 PPA evaluation, the Brasil Quilombola program had R$28,619,104.00 authorized (LOA plus credits) and R$9,852,141.00 in liquidated commitment in 2005, nominal values for the program as a whole (not only land tenure regularization).

  42. 42. In 2002, according to SIOP, action 1642 (Recognition, Demarcation, and Titling of Remnant Quilombo Areas) had an authorized appropriation (law plus credits) of R$3,702,536 and an amount paid in the fiscal year of R$484,558, in nominal values.

    • SIOP, consulta SPARQL: execução das ações 1642, 0859 e 210Z no exercício 2002 · Ministry of Planning and Budget (SIOP, open budget data) Budget and spending
      Where: CSV row (fiscal year 2002, action 1642); columns: exercicio, codAcao, descAcao, loa, lei_mais_credito, empenhado, liquidado, pago. Accessed October 14, 2026.
      “2002,"1642","Reconhecimento, Demarcação e Titulação de Áreas Remanescentes de Quilombos ",4113928,3702536,501416,501416,484558”
  43. 43. In 2003, according to SIOP, action 1642 (Recognition, Demarcation, and Titling of Remnant Quilombo Areas) had an authorized appropriation (law plus credits) of R$3,450,278 and an amount paid in the fiscal year of R$870,566, in nominal values.

    • SIOP, consulta SPARQL: execução das ações 1642, 0859 e 210Z no exercício 2003 · Ministry of Planning and Budget (SIOP, open budget data) Budget and spending
      Where: CSV row (fiscal year 2003, action 1642); columns: exercicio, codAcao, descAcao, loa, lei_mais_credito, empenhado, liquidado, pago. Accessed October 14, 2026.
      “2003,"1642","Reconhecimento, Demarcação e Titulação de Áreas Remanescentes de Quilombos",3013928,3450278,1214614,1214614,870566”
  44. 44. In 2006, according to SIOP, action 1642 (Recognition, Demarcation, and Titling of Remnant Quilombo Areas) had an authorized appropriation of R$2,754,295 and an amount paid of R$1,724,796, and action 0859 (Payment of Compensation to Occupants of Lands Demarcated and Titled to Quilombo Remnants) had an authorized appropriation of R$30,000,000 and an amount paid of R$4,436,904; nominal values, actions not summed.

    • SIOP, consulta SPARQL: execução das ações 1642, 0859 e 210Z no exercício 2006 · Ministry of Planning and Budget (SIOP, open budget data) Budget and spending
      Where: CSV row (fiscal year 2006, action 1642); columns: exercicio, codAcao, descAcao, loa, lei_mais_credito, empenhado, liquidado, pago. Accessed October 14, 2026.
      “2006,"1642","Reconhecimento, Demarcação e Titulação de Áreas Remanescentes de Quilombos",2464295,2754295,2092638,2092638,1724796”
    • SIOP, consulta SPARQL: execução das ações 1642, 0859 e 210Z no exercício 2006 · Ministry of Planning and Budget (SIOP, open budget data) Budget and spending
      Where: CSV row (fiscal year 2006, action 0859). Accessed October 14, 2026.
      “2006,"0859","Pagamento de Indenização aos Ocupantes das Terras Demarcadas e Tituladas aos Remanescentes de Quilombos",30000000,30000000,6583396,6583396,4436904”
  45. 45. In 2014, according to SIOP, action 210Z (Recognition and Compensation of Quilombola Territories) had an authorized appropriation (law plus credits) of R$30,400,000 and an amount paid in the fiscal year of R$16,550,156, in nominal values.

    • SIOP, consulta SPARQL: execução das ações 1642, 0859 e 210Z no exercício 2014 · Ministry of Planning and Budget (SIOP, open budget data) Budget and spending
      Where: CSV row (fiscal year 2014, action 210Z); columns: exercicio, codAcao, descAcao, loa, lei_mais_credito, empenhado, liquidado, pago. Accessed October 14, 2026.
      “2014,"210Z","Reconhecimento e Indenização de Territórios Quilombolas",30500000,30400000,29931557,29931557,16550156”
  46. 46. According to SIOP, action 210Z (Recognition and Compensation of Quilombola Territories) had in 2019 an authorized appropriation of R$3,423,082 and an amount paid of R$2,933,040, and in 2020 an authorized appropriation of R$29,939,588 and an amount paid of R$27,255,752, in nominal values.

  47. 47. In 2023, according to SIOP, action 210Z (Recognition and Compensation of Quilombola Territories) had an authorized appropriation (law plus credits) of R$2,435,406 and an amount paid in the fiscal year of R$500,688, in nominal values.

    • SIOP, consulta SPARQL: execução das ações 1642, 0859 e 210Z no exercício 2023 · Ministry of Planning and Budget (SIOP, open budget data) Budget and spending
      Where: CSV row (fiscal year 2023, action 210Z); columns: exercicio, codAcao, descAcao, loa, lei_mais_credito, empenhado, liquidado, pago. Accessed October 14, 2026.
      “2023,"210Z","Reconhecimento e Indenização de Territórios Quilombolas",749673,2435406,2298410,1186451,500688”
  48. 48. According to the Incra table updated on August 8, 2025, there were 384 titles issued to quilombola communities, by federal, state, and municipal bodies, regularizing 1,162,002.0645 hectares for the benefit of 245 territories, 396 communities, and 24,250 families; the title is the last stage of the process and occurs after the removal of non-quilombola occupants from the territory.

  49. 49. The Incra table of titles issued to quilombola communities, last updated on June 15, 2026, totals 428 titles in 255 territories and 404 communities, 29,944 families, 1,810,366.7935 hectares of territory area, and 1,237,218.5834 hectares titled, including titles from federal, state, and municipal bodies.

  50. 50. In the Incra Annual Result table, between 2011 and 2022 the figures are: 2011, 21 RTID, 10 ordinances, 1 decree, and 1 titling; 2012, 12, 4, 11, and 4; 2013, 7, 7, 10, and 13; 2014, 13, 18, 0, and 25; 2015, 31, 12, 14, and 16; 2016, 16, 22, 5, and 1; 2017, 35, 12, 0, and 30; 2018, 20, 15, 4, and 9; 2019, 9, 2, 0, and 5; 2020, 5, 1, 0, and 2; 2021, 13, 1, 1, and 0; 2022, 3, 4, 0, and 16 (in the order RTID, ordinance, decree, and titling).

  51. 51. In the Incra progress document (print date September 3, 2026), the TOTAL row of the process table records 2,677,817.5756 hectares and 46,533 families, 378 RTID notices published, 261 RTIDs in preparation and 10 that did not need an RTID, 266 ordinances published and 13 that did not need one, 168 decrees published and 34 that did not need a decree, and 428 titles for 404 communities in 255 territories; the Annual Result table adds up to 378 RTID, 266 ordinances, 168 decrees, and 224 titlings, with 2,030 open processes and 649 with some progress; the totals for area and families refer to the whole set of Incra's actions and are not the sum of the stages.

  52. 52. In Incra's list of open quilombola territory regularization processes updated on August 14, 2026, the total in Brazil is 2,030 processes.

  53. 53. According to the notes to Incra's table of titles, titles issued by the FCP on July 14, 2000, among them Kalunga and Mata Cavalo, were not registered at a notary's office by the FCP, which also did not remove non-quilombola third parties, and were removed from the listing to avoid double-counting of titled area, since all these territories have already been decreed for expropriation for social interest and INCRA is acquiring the properties within the territory and titling them in the name of the community.

    • Títulos expedidos às comunidades quilombolas (Incra/DQ, última atualização em 15/06/2026) · National Institute for Colonization and Agrarian Reform (Incra), Directorate of Quilombola Territories Official record
      Where: p. 6, section Titles that were removed from the table. Accessed October 14, 2026.
      “Kalunga (Monte Alegre, Teresina de Goiás e Cavalcante-GO) com área de 253.191,7200 ha; Mata Cavalo (Nossa Senhora do Livramento-MT) com área de 11.722,4613 ha; Santana (Quatis-RJ) com área de 828,120 ha, todos expedidos pela FCP, em 14/07/2000.”
    • Títulos expedidos às comunidades quilombolas (Incra/DQ, última atualização em 15/06/2026) · National Institute for Colonization and Agrarian Reform (Incra), Directorate of Quilombola Territories Official record
      Where: p. 6, section Titles that were removed from the table (reason). Accessed October 14, 2026.
      “Motivo: Os títulos destes territórios foram expedidos pela FCP que, porém, não os registrou em cartório nem efetuou a desintrusão de terceiros não quilombolas. Foram retirados da listagem para evitar contagem em dobro de área titulada, uma vez que todos esses territórios já foram decretados para desapropriação por interesse social e o INCRA está obtendo os imóveis incidentes no território e titulando-os em nome da comunidade.”
  54. 54. The evaluation of the PPA for 2005 points to the need to concentrate efforts on land tenure regularization actions, because the results achieved in 2005 fell well short of expectations, and records as constraints the budget freeze and an executing team in which more than 80% were consultants.

  55. 55. Ipea (Políticas Sociais No. 18, 2010) records that the MDA received most of the program's resources in 2008 and executed only 13.26%, and links the low execution to the nonpayment of compensation to the occupants of the lands, because the procedural phases of expropriation had not been completed.

    • Políticas Sociais: acompanhamento e análise nº 18 (Ipea, 2010), capítulo Igualdade Racial · Institute for Applied Economic Research (Ipea) Academic study
      Where: section on the Brasil Quilombola Program. Accessed October 14, 2026.
      “Ao primeiro, foi destinada a maior parte dos recursos do programa em 2008, dos quais ele executou apenas 13,26%, revelando as expressivas dificuldades que têm marcado o processo de titulação e regularização das terras quilombolas.”
    • Políticas Sociais: acompanhamento e análise nº 18 (Ipea, 2010), capítulo Igualdade Racial · Institute for Applied Economic Research (Ipea) Academic study
      Where: section on the Brasil Quilombola Program. Accessed October 14, 2026.
      “De fato, a baixa execução orçamentária do MDA, agravada em 2008, está relacionada ao não pagamento de indenização aos ocupantes das terras dos remanescentes de quilombos. Os recursos do orçamento destinados para este fim não puderam ser utilizados em decorrência das fases processuais da desapropriação não terem sido finalizadas.”
  56. 56. According to Ipea (2010), the titling process carried out by Incra/MDA did not keep pace with the official recognition of communities: by 2008 the FCP had issued 1,093 certificates of registration in the General Registry of Remnants of Quilombo Communities.

    • Políticas Sociais: acompanhamento e análise nº 18 (Ipea, 2010), capítulo Igualdade Racial · Institute for Applied Economic Research (Ipea) Academic study
      Where: section on the Brasil Quilombola Program. Accessed October 14, 2026.
      “O processo de titulação realizado pelo Incra/MDA não tem acompanhado a evolução do reconhecimento oficial da condição de comunidade quilombola, sob responsabilidade da FCP. A fundação emitiu, até 2008, 1.093 certidões de registro no Cadastro Geral de Remanescentes de Comunidades de Quilombos (FCP, 2010).”
  57. 57. Ipea (2010) assesses that Incra Normative Instruction No. 49/2008 made the titling process slower, by requiring new details in the anthropological report, and records, with Incra data, 16 titles issued in 2008 (in Pará, Piauí, and Maranhão) and no community titled in the first half of 2009.

    • Políticas Sociais: acompanhamento e análise nº 18 (Ipea, 2010), capítulo Igualdade Racial · Institute for Applied Economic Research (Ipea) Academic study
      Where: section on the Brasil Quilombola Program. Accessed October 14, 2026.
      “Esse percurso foi agravado pela oficialização de novos procedimentos adotados pelo Incra para a identificação de territórios quilombolas, por meio da Instrução Normativa no 49/2008. A nova instrução torna o processo de titulação mais moroso, ao exigir novos detalhamentos no relatório antropológico.”
    • Políticas Sociais: acompanhamento e análise nº 18 (Ipea, 2010), capítulo Igualdade Racial · Institute for Applied Economic Research (Ipea) Academic study
      Where: section on the Brasil Quilombola Program. Accessed October 14, 2026.
      “Como consequência, segundo dados do Incra (2010),25 em 2008, foram expedidos 16 títulos às comunidades quilombolas, no Pará, Piauí e Maranhão. Já no primeiro semestre de 2009, nenhuma comunidade foi titulada.”
  58. 58. According to the Brasil Quilombola Program document published by Seppir in 2004, the 1st National Meeting of Rural Black Quilombola Communities was held in Brasília in November 1995 and preceded the Zumbi dos Palmares March, which on November 20, 1995 brought together about thirty thousand people in the Three Powers Plaza.

    • Programa Brasil Quilombola (Seppir, Brasília, 2004) · Special Secretariat for Policies to Promote Racial Equality (Seppir); copy hosted by DHnet Official record
      Where: p. 13, section II (The Brasil Quilombola Program). Accessed October 14, 2026.
      “Como resultado desse processo de mobilização, em novembro de 1995, houve a realização do I Encontro Nacional de Comunidades Negras Rurais Quilombolas, realizado em Brasília, nos dias 17, 18 e 19, tendo como tema: Terra, Produção e Cidadania para Quilombolas.”
    • Programa Brasil Quilombola (Seppir, Brasília, 2004) · Special Secretariat for Policies to Promote Racial Equality (Seppir); copy hosted by DHnet Official record
      Where: p. 13. Accessed October 14, 2026.
      “Este encontro antecedeu a Marcha Zumbi dos Palmares, pela vida e cidadania a mais expressiva manifestação política do Movimento Negro Brasileiro, que, no dia 20 de novembro de 1995, reuniu cerca de trinta mil pessoas, na Praça dos Três Poderes”
  59. 59. The Brasil Quilombola Program document, published by Seppir in 2004, recorded that only 71 communities, out of a total of 743 officially registered communities, had gone through titling processes.

    • Programa Brasil Quilombola (Seppir, Brasília, 2004) · Special Secretariat for Policies to Promote Racial Equality (Seppir); copy hosted by DHnet Official record
      Where: p. 14. Accessed October 14, 2026.
      “verifica-se que apenas 71 comunidades de um total de 743 comunidades registradas oficialmente, passaram por processos de titulação.”
  60. 60. Ipea (2010) records that the rural caucus (bancada ruralista) managed to remove from the text of the Racial Equality Statute approved in the Chamber of Deputies the provisions on the regularization of quilombola lands.

    • Políticas Sociais: acompanhamento e análise nº 18 (Ipea, 2010), capítulo Igualdade Racial · Institute for Applied Economic Research (Ipea) Academic study
      Where: section on the Brasil Quilombola Program. Accessed October 14, 2026.
      “Outro fator negativo para a luta quilombola é o fato de a bancada ruralista ter conseguido suprimir do texto do Estatuto da Igualdade Racial, aprovado na Câmara dos Deputados, as disposições relativas à regularização das terras quilombolas.”
  61. 61. Ipea (2010) records that Adin No. 3,239 was filed in 2004 by the DEM against Federal Decree No. 4,887/2003, which regulates the procedure for the delimitation, demarcation, and titling of lands occupied by remnants of quilombo communities.

  62. 62. The Incra questions-and-answers document (updated April 13, 2017) reports that Pará, Bahia, Maranhão, Mato Grosso do Sul, Piauí, Rio de Janeiro, São Paulo, Mato Grosso, Goiás, Espírito Santo, Sergipe, Rio Grande do Sul, and Santa Catarina have specific laws to regularize quilombola territories.

  63. 63. According to an IBGE publication with 2022 Census data, the quilombola population residing in Brazil was 1,330,186 people; 167,769 lived in officially delimited quilombola territories and 1,162,417 outside them.

  64. 64. The Incra table of titles states that communities and families already counted in the first title of a territory are not recounted in subsequent titles, and that territories may receive more than one title (from different bodies, expansion, property-by-property titling after a court action, or a discontinuous territory), with the percentage already titled indicated.

    • Títulos expedidos às comunidades quilombolas (Incra/DQ, última atualização em 15/06/2026) · National Institute for Colonization and Agrarian Reform (Incra), Directorate of Quilombola Territories Official record
      Where: p. 6, legend. Accessed October 14, 2026.
      “Comunidades/famílias já contabilizadas no primeiro título expedido para seu território e que se indica novamente, mas não são recontadas para não distorcer o resultado total.”
    • Títulos expedidos às comunidades quilombolas (Incra/DQ, última atualização em 15/06/2026) · National Institute for Colonization and Agrarian Reform (Incra), Directorate of Quilombola Territories Official record
      Where: p. 6, legend. Accessed October 14, 2026.
      “Isso ocorre porque os territórios receberão mais de um título, cujas áreas se somarão: expedidos por órgãos distintos ou não, em função das diferentes competências legais e responsabilidades; da necessidade de ampliação do território após a primeira titulação; do parcelamento do processo de titulação dos territórios decretados, onde a titulação ocorre imóvel a imóvel, cuja obtenção é dependente de ação judicial; ou do fato de que o território reconhecido ser descontínuo”

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